We need a health system where the distribution of infrastructure and resources is not left to the dictates of the market, but rationally planned according to the needs of communitiesâand the certainty of future disasters.
By Adam Gaffney, M.D., M.P.H.
Dissent, Summer 2020
When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, my life as a critical care physician in a Boston-area hospital changed quickly. Massachusetts weathered the third biggest outbreak, in total cases, in the nation. Patients who had contracted the novel coronavirus filled our intensive care units. Their lungs failed; our days started early and ran late. To expand capacity, we acquired more ventilators and brought in new staff. Our surgical recovery room was converted into an open-ward ICU exclusively for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Another change: we began to cooperate with other hospitals in a novel way.
The ICU capacity at our regionâs mid-sized hospitals could evaporate overnight with a surge of admissions of patients in respiratory failure. Much larger institutions nearby had more space and some specialized technologies, like extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)âa sort of external artificial lung that pushes oxygen into the bloodstream and sucks out the carbon dioxide, which can help some of those with refractory lung failure. When I wasnât treating patients, I joined daily phone meetings with physicians working throughout the greater Boston area. We shared data and learned where we could send critically ill patients when we ran out of beds. Something similar played out in New York, where the crisis, by necessity, spurred unprecedented cooperation among the stateâs hospitals.
Pandemics lay bare the need for cooperation in health services. But cooperation, and planning, will be equally important after the pandemic is over, and must go well beyond meetings. We need to envision a health system where the distribution of infrastructure and resources is not left to the dictates of the market, but rationally planned according to the needs of communitiesâand the certainty of future disasters.
Planning has been a dirty word in healthcare for decades. Competition is todayâs idol. But it was not always so: in the postwar era, though the United States failed to achieve European-style reform, a âhealth planningâ movement emerged. The HillâBurton Act of 1946 provided billions of federal dollars to expand existing hospitals and build new ones, particularly in underserved regions. In the 1960s and 1970s, state and later federal legislationâculminating in the 1974 National Health Planning and Resources Development Actâcreated planning bodies tasked with assessing local community health needs, approving new capital projects, and ensuring an adequate distribution of health infrastructure. But in the absence of universal healthcare financing for patients, Ă la Medicare for All, the movement was only marginally effectiveâand the rise of a new capitalist healthcare paradigm in the Reagan era easily brushed it aside.
The consequence has been simultaneous excess and deficit in health infrastructure. Today, market forces dictate the life and death of American hospitals. The epidemic of rural hospital closures, for instance, is not the consequence of a lack of rural health needs, but of the cold reality that serving those needs is unprofitable. A large academic hospital closed in Philadelphia last year not because its disproportionately low-income and minority patients no longer needed its services, but because those patients did not generate sufficient revenue. One Journal of the American Medical Association study found that, per capita, Manhattan has the most hospital beds among the five boroughs but had the fewest COVID-19 hospitalizations. Little wonder, then, that the virus battered outer boroughsâ hospitals with such ferocity.
The lack of planning is evident not only in the mismatch of hospitals and patients but in the distribution of basic supplies. âCaliforniaâs Coronavirus Testing Still A Frustrating Patchwork Of Haves And Have-Notsâ ran the headline of an NPR story that described glaring geographic disparities in access to testing months into the pandemic. The logic of competition that informs our national approach to healthcare has also meant chaotic and wasteful bidding wars for testing supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE) among hospitals and state and local governments.
The Medicare for All bills in Congress, if enacted, would do much to advance planning: they mandate dedicated funding streams for healthcare capital expenditures. Adequate investment in stockpiles of PPE and other equipmentâand the capacity to rapidly distribute itâcould also be undertaken by such a system. But we need to think of other ways that planning could prepare us for the pandemics of the future.
Maintaining a large, unused, yet readily deployable ICU âsurge capacity,â for instance, is illogical in market terms: it costs money but delivers no revenue outside of plague years. But that unused reserve capacity benefits society. We need to rethink hospital design, with areas that can be used in times of emergencies but otherwise be idled. Israelâs Ramban Health Care Campusâwhich has a large underground parking garage that can be converted into a 2,000-bed hospital within hoursâoffers one example. Similar innovations could be envisioned for the inevitable calamities of our futureâand be made available to everyone on a truly equal basis.
That necessitates, of course, abandoning the market ethos that currently drives the expansion and contraction of healthcare infrastructure. It requires discarding the false promise of anarchical medical competition as the salve of our healthcare cost crisis. It does not mean returning to the last era of health planning, but instead reinventing planning for the post-COVID age.
Adam Gaffney is a pulmonary and critical care physician, a public health researcher, and an Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He serves as president of Physicians for a National Health Program and is the author of To Heal Humankind: The Right to Health in History.
https://www.dissentmagazine.org…
Comment:
By Don McCanne, M.D.
In a 2011 Quote of the Day, I wrote, “One fundamental concept that has appeared repeatedly on the pages of Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP) is that excellence is a product of cooperation, not competition. It is not choice between private for-profit and public systems, but rather it is equity within public systems that facilitates excellence.”
Imagine all participants in the health care system working together to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health care delivery. Obviously health planning is fundamental to this concept,
Instead, in the United States, we rely on markets and competition which shred coordinated planning and cooperation. That is not only very expensive, it creates many of the inefficiencies, deficiencies, and dysfunctions in health care delivery.
The current pandemic has been very instructive in this regard. Instead of providing leadership in a cooperative effort, the federal government has passed much of the responsibility to the states that have had to rely on competitive bidding in the markets for limited supplies, which has driven prices up, not down. When the research community needs to cooperate in developing drugs and vaccines, the United States has gone so far as to withdraw from the World Health Organization – the entity in which nations cooperate in such goals that would improve health throughout the world. The Trump administration has even promoted agreements in which they hope American firms will gain control of the world markets for these new drugs and vaccines, wherein business success trumps public health, at a cost to those on the losing end (competition creates winners and losers, whereas, with cooperation, everyone wins). They also intend to punish our colleges and universities that follow certain recommended public health standards aimed at reducing transmission of the coronavirus, by revoking the visas of international students, an important source of revenue for these institutions. Not only is this not cooperation, it is not even competition. It is simply madness.
Imagine. Working together. For the benefit of patients. Instead of competition and markets, we need cooperation and public service – features characteristic of the single payer model of Medicare for All. Planning together. We have the money. We simply need an infusion of social solidarity.
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