Germany begins major reform of its hospital sector, DW – Health Germany, Nov. 22, 2024, by Ben Knight
The German parliament has passed a law aiming to reorganize the health sector, slashing the number of hospitals, boosting clinics and digitalizing bureaucracy. [Now former] Health Minister Karl Lauterbach called it a “revolution” … with gradual implementation starting January 2025 and ending in 2029.
The two-pronged hospital reform will change the way German hospitals are financed and impose new care standards.
Germany has the highest number of hospital beds per capita in the European Union, at 7.9 beds per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the EU average of 5.3. But maintaining these is expensive. According to Lauterbach, this has left many hospitals on the brink of bankruptcy. The result is that patients are being kept in hospital unnecessarily so hospitals can charge health insurers extra money — which in turn drives up the whole country’s health costs and insurance contributions.
The reform means that hospitals will no longer be paid per treatment — instead, they will get a guaranteed income for making certain services available. This, it is hoped, will alleviate the financial pressure on hospitals to pack in as many operations and treatments as they can, even if they are poorly qualified to carry them out
This measure is supposed to ensure that patients needing complex treatments are referred to specialists earlier. This, according to the Health Ministry, will reduce health costs in the long run, as patients stand a better chance of being cured and are less likely to fall victim to mistakes, as hospital staff will be less rushed and overworked. Lauterbach has claimed this reform will save tens of thousands of lives a year.
Lauterbach: Hospital Reform Law Will Save Rural Hospitals, Kommunal.de, July 31, 2024
[Now former] German health minister Karl Lauterbach:
“It is precisely the goal of the reform to protect care in rural areas. Without the reform, many rural hospitals would not survive because of rising personnel costs and inflation. We are currently experiencing the steepest cost increases in the hospital sector ever in German history. All that, despite the fact that 30% of the beds sit empty. If we do not pass this reform, the precarious financial situation of many hospitals will only get worse. Then it is foreseeable that two out of three hospitals would face deficits, as it now almost is. With the reform, the necessary rural hospitals will stay solvent. I therefore predict that the majority of rural hospitals will remain.”
Comment:
By Thomas Lane
Last year, Germany’s parliament passed a landmark hospital payment reform to shift from a purely diagnosis-based system to mainly global budgets. This addresses serious problems similar to those facing US hospitals – high costs and the financial viability of rural hospitals. Remove the references to Germany in the Lauterbach interview, and it could be about the US. Despite having universal healthcare, Germany relies on a multi-payer system (albeit which provides standardized broad coverage and generates no insurer profits). There are important structural parallels between the US and Germany, such as how hospital stays are compensated. The strategies which Germany uses to control costs offers lessons for the US quest for single payer.
Germany has more hospital beds per capita than most wealthy nations, so a key problem is wasteful spending on hospital overcapacity. Before the reform, Germany’s countless small local hospitals were funded solely via patient-level DRG (diagnosis-related group) payments. In pursuit of patient volume to stay financially afloat, many would treat complicated health issues for which they were inadequately equipped. It’s not hard to see how the new law was quite controversial. Reducing overcapacity means allowing some allegedly unviable or excessive hospitals to close. However, the law simultaneously protects hospitals in underserved areas (mainly rural regions) by replacing the current DRG payments with a mixed 60% global budget and 40% DRG scheme. Perhaps surprisingly, Germany’s government seems set to mostly continue with the reform despite the elections and change in governing coalition that occurred after the law’s passage.
What might we learn from watching Germany’s hospital reform law as it is implemented? The U.S. has far fewer hospital beds per capita than Germany, and I am not trying to imply that the US has too many hospitals. But we do share a misallocation of hospital resources in common with Germany. Wealthy, often suburban regions tend to have the most and best hospitals in America, while our rural hospitals are constantly on a knife’s edge, and many urban safety net hospitals are similarly struggling. To maximize the benefits of single payer, we will need to think about this allocation issue in addition to accomplishing the main goal of efficiently funding necessary care for all. After all, handing out Medicare cards to people in areas without a nearby hospital doesn’t help them much! This has become even more important given the looming cuts to Medicaid and the wave of safety-net hospital closures that will likely follow.
The most recent Medicare for All bill in Congress wisely puts hospitals on global budgets to protect our struggling facilities in underserved areas. At the same time, global budgets can prevent already well-resourced areas from capturing new resources that are better used elsewhere, as they require hospitals to explain everything they are doing and make choices about what to fund (or not) with their now predictable but limited budgets. By observing how the Germans handle this transition, noting successes and problems, we prepare for how to best implement single payer in the U.S.
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Thomas Lane is a master’s student in the health economics, policy & management program at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, and an analyst at the Swedish Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency, the government agency tasked with keeping pharmaceutical costs affordable. He graduated in 2024 with a bachelor’s degree in economics and German from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. He spent several years working in state-level health reform with PNHP in his home state of Minnesota and in New Hampshire, where he was a member of the Granite State PNHP steering committee. The views expressed in HJM are his own.
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