Healthy Indiana 2.0 Is Challenging Medicaid Norms

By Seema Verma and Brian Neale
Health Affairs Blog, August 29, 2016

Last year, the State of Indiana launched the latest version of the Healthy Indiana Plan (HIP), made possible through a series of Medicaid waivers sought by Governor Mike Pence and approved by the Obama Administration.

HIP 2.0’s approval ignited a national conversation about the implications of its consumer-driven design for able-bodied adults in Indiana and potentially other reform-minded states. Having served as Governor Pence’s main advisors throughout the waiver’s development, negotiation, and implementation, we understand the crucial role states play in driving sensible Medicaid reforms.

HIP’s consumer-driven design familiarizes its members with the concepts of commercial health insurance and encourages them to be prudent consumers, comparing cost and quality of health care services. In light of the “churn” present in the Medicaid program, HIP’s policies are structured to be as consistent as possible with standard provisions found in commercial health plans, including Marketplace plans.

In line with commercial market consumer-driven plans, HIP members receive a $2,500 deductible health plan (HDHP) paired with a $2,500 “POWER” account, similar to a health savings account (HSA). The POWER account is HIP’s paramount feature. It acts as both a payment mechanism and a terminal through which HIP’s incentive structure flows. Members use the POWER account to pay for health care services until the deductible amount is met, at which point the HDHP becomes solely responsible for paying any further claims. Preventive services are provided outside the deductible and members do not face any barriers to seeking these services.

Contributions To Savings Accounts

HIP members begin coverage in HIP Plus, which offers benefits similar to those found in the commercial market and also includes modest dental and vision coverage. To maintain enrollment in HIP Plus, members are required to make monthly contributions in the amount equal to 2 percent of their income, comparable to the Marketplace’s premium formula. Unlike premiums, members own these contributions and are refunded their pro-rata share when they leave the program. The member’s pro-rata share is also rolled over from one plan year to the next, thereby reducing the contribution amount required for the upcoming plan year. Rollover amounts are increased for members who complete requisite preventive care services.

HIP respects the dignity of each member by setting a fair expectation of personal investment and engagement in his or her own well-being. Contributions are a way for members to demonstrate personal responsibility, but they also encourage members to stay engaged with their health plan, providers, and overall personal health. Because HIP Plus members’ own dollars are at stake, they have “skin in the game” and therefore an incentive to make cost-conscious health care decisions.

HIP Plus members who fail to make contributions within a 60-day grace period are terminated from the plan. Terminated HIP Plus members below the poverty line are transferred to the HIP Basic plan, which offers a more limited benefit package that excludes dental and vision coverage. HIP Basic members also are subject to co-payments for services, which can easily wind up being costlier than the contribution amounts required to maintain HIP Plus enrollment. Because HIP Plus represents the superior value proposition, members have a strong incentive to avoid falling back into HIP Basic. Terminated HIP Plus members above the poverty line must wait six months to re-enroll, with a few limited exceptions.

The delivery system functions more effectively when people seek and receive care in the right setting, as HIP incentivizes its members to do. When members choose the emergency room (ER) for care that could have been more appropriately provided in a primary care setting, they are subject to an $8 co-pay, which rises to $35 dollars for each subsequent inappropriate use of the ER.

HIP 2.0 Is Just The Beginning

HIP has been successful in meeting its policy objectives, but it also continues to demonstrate the potential for consumer-driven health care as an alternative to the traditional Medicaid model. While HIP has never touted itself as some sort of national silver bullet, it continues to serve as an example for states having similar interest in re-aligning Medicaid with the broader objective of individual empowerment.

http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/08/29/healthy-indiana-2-0-is-challenging-medicaid-norms/

Indiana Q&A on HIP 2.0:
http://www.in.gov/fssa/hip/2445.htm

Lewin Group evaluation of HIP 2.0:
https://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/in/Healthy-Indiana-Plan-2/in-healthy-indiana-plan-support-20-interim-evl-rpt-07062016.pdf

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities critique:
http://www.cbpp.org/research/health/indiana-medicaid-waiver-evaluation-shows-why-kentuckys-medicaid-proposal-shouldnt-be

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Comment:

By Don McCanne, M.D.

Health savings accounts (HSAs) have been touted by conservatives as a way of placing the health care consumers (i.e., patients) in control of their health care spending. As they say, “having skin in the game” (cringe) makes the patients more efficient health care shoppers. But it is not the HSAs, rather it is the very high deductibles of the associated insurance plans that cause patients to forgo often beneficial health care services because of the lack of affordability, thus reducing total health care spending.

With high deductibles, patients have to use their own funds before the deductible is met whether those funds come out of their pockets or out of designated HSAs. The HSA is merely a tax advantaged account that favors the healthy and wealthy. Tax expenditures are applied regressively with the wealthy receiving considerable taxpayer support and lower income individuals receiving little or nothing in the way of tax advantages.

Also the healthy who do not spend down their accounts can use the HSA funds as additional retirement benefits – benefits of which those with greater health problems are deprived. Thus HSAs represent the opposite of public policies that we should be pursuing since they disfavor the sick and poor to the benefit of the healthy and wealthy. It is perplexing how officials in Indiana ever conceived the idea that HSAs – know there as POWER accounts – would benefit low-income Medicaid patients with their higher than average medical needs.

So how do the POWER accounts work? First it is important to understand the complexity of the establishment and administration of these accounts because there are so many variables depending on whether the recipients are above or below 100 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL), which plan they participate in (Regular Plus, Regular Basic, State Plus, State Basic, plus HIP Link), whether or not they are classified as medically frail, whether they are Native Americans, whether or not they use preventive care services, and so forth. The description that follows applies differentially depending on these variables but will be presented as if it were a uniform program since these features represent the general drift of HIP 2.0. The actual details can be found in the Lewin Group report (link above).

The POWER accounts are funded mostly by the state with a contribution from the patient amounting to about 2 percent of income, up to a combined maximum of $2500 (mostly from the state). They are used to pay for the first $2500 of care (except for preventive services) and then a managed care plan begins paying. The payment by the patient is so small that it has very little impact on the government’s share of the costs. But most of these patients have no discretionary income thus even these small payments can be a financial burden to them, having to displace spending on other essentials.

If the individual uses no medical services, their contributions can accumulate in their POWER accounts and they can take their funds with them when they leave the program. But the maximum in the account can be only $2500, and their contribution is only a fraction of that. It is obvious that the meager amount that would be returned in no way could be used as an additional retirement benefit – defeating one of the purposes of HSAs.

If the patients fail to contribute to the POWER account, and their income is over 100 FPL, they completely lose their coverage and cannot reapply for a minimum of 6 months. If their income is under 100 FPL and they fail to contribute to the POWER account, they are shifted to the Basic plan and then are exposed to copayments, and they lose services such as dental and eye, and are limited in their prescription benefits.

These accounts are supposed to increase consumer awareness, but many of the participants do not know that the accounts exist, and many of those who do don’t really understand them. This hardly advances the conservative concept of consumer-directed health care.

Obviously these POWER accounts are not based on any sound health policy science, but they are merely a fabrication of ideologically-driven bureaucrats who want to pretend or maybe have fooled themselves into believing that they have created a poor man’s version of health savings accounts. HSAs actually provide benefits, albeit primarily for the healthy and wealthy. Medicaid was designed as a prepaid health care system for those with low incomes. The Medicaid Power accounts do the opposite of HSAs in that they penalize those who do not participate, taking away traditional Medicaid benefits, thereby adversely affecting particularly those with the lowest incomes.

This is a perverse program designed to satisfy the ideology of the Indiana stewards. (Kentucky is next.) One of the Indiana stewards and a strong supporter of POWER accounts – the governor – is currently a candidate for the vice-presidency of the United States. Programs like this expose the souls of those who support them.

First in a new series on healthcare delivery reform

By Steffie Woolhandler, MD, MPH
Adam Gaffney, MD
David U. Himmelstein MD
MedPage Today / USC Gehr Family Center for Implementation Science, August 26, 2016

The Gehr Center/Slow Medicine series “Disruption or Distraction: A Critical Look at Healthcare Delivery Reform” unpacks the data behind healthcare delivery system interventions, highlighting well-intended reforms that have yet to achieve the impact many have assumed. The series is edited by Slow Medicine columnists Pieter Cohen, MD, Michael Hochman, MD, MPH, and Rachael Bedard, MD. This first article in the series is written by three prominent experts in healthcare financing and offers a counterpoint to President Barack Obama’s recent article describing the benefits of the Affordable Care Act.

In the current overheated political climate, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has garnered harsh criticism from some quarters and extravagant praise from others. Both miss the mark.

Critics from the political right seem to ignore the fact that the law has substantially reduced the number of uninsured, and propose alternatives that would sharply increase uninsurance, underinsurance, and healthcare inequality.

On the other hand, President Obama’s recent defense of the ACA in the Journal of the American Medical Association papered over its flaws — notably the fact that 29 million remain uninsured, a figure that the Congressional Budget Office predicts will not change much in the years ahead, even if all states were to accept the ACA’s Medicaid expansion.

While persistent uninsurance is the ACA’s most glaring deficiency, it has other shortcomings: failure to slow the hollowing out of already inadequate coverage; further stimulation of the already overgrown healthcare bureaucracy; lack of effective cost controls; and Medicare payment reforms that tilt the playing field towards giant corporate organizations and have triggered a surge of mergers and acquisitions.

(Twelve paragraphs discuss the specific deficiencies of the Affordable Care Act – link below)

In sum, the ACA was a useful but inadequate step forward for American healthcare. Tens of millions remain uninsured, and at least as many others have grossly inadequate coverage. Costs are again rising rapidly, and the corporate takeover of care proceeds apace. By any reasonable measure we remain in last place among wealthy nations for coverage, and an outlier for our high costs. The need for more fundamental reform is clear.

Steffie Woolhandler, MD, MPH, is a primary care physician at the CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College. Adam Gaffney, MD, is a research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital. David Himmelstein, MD, is a professor at the CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College. Woolhandler and Himmelstein are co-founders of Physicians for a National Health Program.

http://www.medpagetoday.com/Blogs/SlowMedicine/59887#

***

Comment:

By Don McCanne, M.D.

As the first in a series on healthcare delivery reform, this article sets the stage by describing the profound deficiencies that remain after implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Although ACA did improve coverage and access, the authors note, “The need for more fundamental reform is clear.”

This article was merely to assess ACA in the “political fog” and not to suggest solutions. But the problems presented are not amenable to mere tweaks and patches. Since the authors are the nation’s leading experts on single payer reform, we can assume that the fundamental reform they would call for would be single payer. And they would be right since anything less, such as adopting a public option, would leave in place most of the deficiencies.

Why Are Private Health Insurers Losing Money on Obamacare?

By Uwe Reinhardt, PhD
JAMA Forum, August 25, 2015

The report last week that Aetna, one of the major US health insurance companies, would leave most of the health insurance exchanges established under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 follows similar accounts the media that Anthem,  Aetna, and other large private health insurers are contemplating withdrawing from the so-called ACA marketplace. The companies say the reason behind these actions is they are losing hundreds of millions of dollars on the business coming to them from these exchanges. To make up for the losses, some insurers, though by no means all, have quoted premium increases in excess of 25% for 2017.

This development seems puzzling, as it comes in an era of historically low growth in total national health spending. The latest estimates published by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which provides estimates of current and projected national health spending, indicate that spending growth at only 4.8% in 2016 and project health care spending growth to be only 5.8% per year for the decade 2015-2025.

Furthermore, as a report published by the Urban Institute notes, even in 2010, the year the ACA became law, its impact on total national health spending was estimated to be an increase in annual spending of only 2.5% above what would have been spent anyway. In addition, the report also notes that the CMS now projects that total US national health spending during 2014-2019 will be $2.5 trillion lower than projections made in 2010.

Why, then, in the face of these historically low growth rates, have premiums on the ACA health-insurance exchanges for 2017 increased at such high rates?

The core of the answer to this question can be read in the chart (at the link below), showing the highly skewed distribution of per capita health spending across the US population. The phenomenon is known as the “80-20 rule,” indicating that 20% of any large insured populations tends to account for 80% of all health care spending on that population.

Individuals in the high spending categories typically have multiple health problems requiring expensive treatments. A question that has troubled US health policy for decades has been what kind of health care these individuals with multiple conditions should receive and who should pay for it, assuming that only few very well-to-do US residents could afford to purchase their health care with their own resources. Here, it is helpful to remember that the US median disposable family income is only about $54 000, not even enough to cover the annual cost of some effective specialty drugs.

The contributions individuals make out of their paychecks toward employer-sponsored health insurance are community rated, which means that they are the same for all employees of the firm, regardless of their health status and even age. So healthy employees are forced to subsidize less healthy colleagues through the premiums they pay. With the ACA, the Obama administration sought to provide the same deal for US individuals purchasing health insurance in the individual market.

For health insurers, however, this approach can be called an unnatural act, because it forces them knowingly to issue policies to very ill people at premiums evidently far below these individuals’ likely claims on the insurer’s overall risk pool. Actuaries and health policy analysts understand that this approach can work only if all individuals, healthy and ill, are mandated to purchase coverage for a defined, basic package of benefits, at the community-rated premium—thereby forcing young and healthy individuals to subsidize with their premiums the health care of individuals with medical conditions in the insurer’s risk pool.

However, for purely political reasons, the ACA mandate for all persons in the United States to be insured was rather weak, leading many younger or healthier individuals simply to forgo purchasing health insurance and paying the relatively low fines for doing so. Over time, this practice naturally will drive up the community-rated premiums, inducing even greater numbers of young and healthy individuals to forgo insurance coverage, leaving private insurers with ever-more expensive risk pools.

The result of this adverse risk selection (the scenario in which sicker-than-average people purchase insurance while young and healthy people do not) has been that some private health insurers underpriced their policies on the ACA exchanges, perhaps to gain market share early on or because they simply did not anticipate quite the adverse risk selection that occurred.

It is hard to see a way out of this dilemma, given the current political climate. The task is doubly difficult in the United States, because the health care system is structured to yield prices for health care products and services that are twice as high or higher than the prices of identical items in other countries, driving US per capita health spending also to be twice as high as in many other developed countries. Thus, it is much more expensive in the United States than in other countries to provide health care to all residents, especially those who are ill and poor.

If health care costs in the United States were lower, most people would probably agree that ill, low-income citizens should receive the needed health care that is available to better-off individuals. The problem is that our health system is in danger of pricing kindness out of our souls.

https://newsatjama.jama.com/2016/08/25/jama-forum-why-are-private-health-insurers-losing-money-on-obamacare/

***

Comment:

By Don McCanne, M.D.

Although many readers are quite familiar with the concept of adverse selection presented here, the take-home message today is contained in the last three paragraphs of Uwe Reinhardt’s article. By relying on private insurers to control spending, we have driven per capita health care spending up to twice the average of nations with far better health care financing systems. According to Reinhardt, “The problem is that our health system is in danger of pricing kindness out of our souls.”

The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States: Origins and Prospects for Reform

By Aaron S. Kesselheim, MD, JD, MPH; Jerry Avorn, MD; Ameet Sarpatwari, JD, PhD
JAMA, August 23/30, 2016

Abstract

Importance
The increasing cost of prescription drugs in the United States has become a source of concern for patients, prescribers, payers, and policy makers.

Objectives
To review the origins and effects of high drug prices in the US market and to consider policy options that could contain the cost of prescription drugs.

Evidence
We reviewed the peer-reviewed medical and health policy literature from January 2005 to July 2016 for articles addressing the sources of drug prices in the United States, the justifications and consequences of high prices, and possible solutions.

Findings
Per capita prescription drug spending in the United States exceeds that in all other countries, largely driven by brand-name drug prices that have been increasing in recent years at rates far beyond the consumer price index. In 2013, per capita spending on prescription drugs was $858 compared with an average of $400 for 19 other industrialized nations. In the United States, prescription medications now comprise an estimated 17% of overall personal health care services. The most important factor that allows manufacturers to set high drug prices is market exclusivity, protected by monopoly rights awarded upon Food and Drug Administration approval and by patents. The availability of generic drugs after this exclusivity period is the main means of reducing prices in the United States, but access to them may be delayed by numerous business and legal strategies. The primary counterweight against excessive pricing during market exclusivity is the negotiating power of the payer, which is currently constrained by several factors, including the requirement that most government drug payment plans cover nearly all products. Another key contributor to drug spending is physician prescribing choices when comparable alternatives are available at different costs. Although prices are often justified by the high cost of drug development, there is no evidence of an association between research and development costs and prices; rather, prescription drugs are priced in the United States primarily on the basis of what the market will bear.

Conclusions and Relevance
High drug prices are the result of the approach the United States has taken to granting government-protected monopolies to drug manufacturers, combined with coverage requirements imposed on government-funded drug benefits. The most realistic short-term strategies to address high prices include enforcing more stringent requirements for the award and extension of exclusivity rights; enhancing competition by ensuring timely generic drug availability; providing greater opportunities for meaningful price negotiation by governmental payers; generating more evidence about comparative cost-effectiveness of therapeutic alternatives; and more effectively educating patients, prescribers, payers, and policy makers about these choices.

Possible solutions

Federal
  * Patenting
  * Anticompetitive strategies
  * Price negotiation
  * Addressing extraordinary shortage or pricing problems
  * Generic drug policies
  * Follow-on biologic policies

State
  * Drug product selection laws
  * Price negotiation

Health Care Organizations
  * Price negotiation
  * Information dissemination

Improving Competition
(Use the link below to access a more detailed explanation of how they would “improve competition”)

Government Efforts to Reduce Drug Prices
In theory, the most effective way for a government to reduce drug prices would be for it to set them for the entire marketplace, as central governments do in countries such as Sweden, or to engage in international reference pricing and set prices at levels similar to those of other countries. Taking such a step in the United States would have major marketplace ramifications and is not at present politically feasible, in part because of the power of the pharmaceutical lobby in Washington, DC.

http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2545691

***

Americans pay more than double what other nations pay for drugs

By Stephen Feller
UPI, August 23, 2016

The cost of prescription drugs in the United States far outpaces prices in similarly industrialized countries, and the continuously rising costs are causing concern in every part of the healthcare industry, from patients and doctors to insurance companies and government officials.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School suggest in a new study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, that the nature of the American drug marketplace, as designed and regulated by the government, bears a large part of the blame.

A doctor’s group called for the United States to move to a single-payer health insurance system, potentially similar to those in Canada and England, to make care more available to everyone while bringing down costs.

They argue that between the number of people seeking care and the single-payer system creating the ability to aggressively negotiate the cost of drugs, overall healthcare costs in the United States would go down, while people get healthier.

“I do think there are a lot of improvements that can be made to the U.S. system without tossing it out the window and starting over with the type of system you’d find in a European country,” Kesselheim said.

http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2016/08/23/Americans-pay-more-than-double-what-other-nations-pay-for-drugs/8501471964588/

***

Comment:

By Don McCanne, M.D.

This JAMA article provides a comprehensive explanation as to why pharmaceutical prices are so high in the United States, and they even provide a few suggestions as to what might be done about it. The major error they make is that they assume that the problem should be addressed by US-style quasi-market solutions but not through a government solution that they say “would have major marketplace ramifications and is not at present politically feasible, in part because of the power of the pharmaceutical lobby in Washington, DC.”

We are already deeply involved in supposed marketplace solutions, and yet drug prices continue to skyrocket. We really do need a  government health care financing infrastructure that is designed to serve patients rather than private sector shareholders. The obvious model which would be most suitable for the United States would be a single payer national health program.

The lead author, Aaron Kesselheim, says, “I do think there are a lot of improvements that can be made to the U.S. system without tossing it out the window and starting over with the type of system you’d find in a European country.”

But we would not be starting over with the delivery system which is really what counts in health care. We would improve it and make it non-profit, but its basic structure in delivering health care would remain the same. It is only the financing system which would change dramatically, making it far more equitable, efficient and effective, while finally slowing health cost increases to sustainable levels.

JAMA is allowing free access to this article (link above). It is well worth reading if you want to understand why we are in this mess with pharmaceutical pricing. But as you read their suggestions, think about how a single payer system would be so much better.

Above all, reject the same old, tired and worn out argument they present that a better system is not “politically feasible,” and the industry lobbyists would not let us make the changes anyway. The logical conclusion we should arrive at is that we need to replace our legislators who are listening to the lobbyists with legislators who will, instead, listen to us, the people.

The EpiPen was her ‘baby.’ Now this pharma CEO is in the hot seat over price hikes

By Damian Garde
STAT, August 24, 2016

Drug company CEO Heather Bresch affectionately describes the humble EpiPen as her “baby,” a once-middling product that she turned into a blockbuster.

With aggressive advertising — and even more aggressive price hikes — Bresch has fostered the EpiPen into a bestseller that brings in more than $1 billion a year in revenue for Mylan Pharmaceuticals.

Even (Martin) Shkreli, widely perceived as a paragon of greed after hiking a drug price by 5,000 percent, decried Mylan as a group of “vultures.”

The EpiPen, an auto-injector used to reverse life-threatening allergic reactions, is inextricably tied to Bresch, whose ascension at the company tracks with the product’s rapid growth.

She has also become one of the drug industry’s highest-paid CEOs, pocketing more than $18 million in cash and stock last year.

Among the Senate’s membership is her father, Joe Manchin, a populist West Virginia Democrat whose influence is woven throughout her rise in the drug industry.

Bresch first adopted EpiPen in 2007, when Mylan purchased the generic drugs division of Germany’s Merck KGaA for $6.7 billion.

Bresch was promoted to chief operating officer at Mylan shortly after the deal with Merck KGaA. The official corporate announcement touted her MBA from West Virginia University. Months later, an exhaustive investigation by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette revealed that she hadn’t finished the MBA program — and a later independent report found that university officials had falsified her transcripts to conceal that fact, adding in grades “pulled from thin air.”

WVU’s provost and business school dean later resigned, and the university revoked Bresch’s degree.

In 2015, Mylan announced that it would move some of its operations overseas in search of a more favorable tax rate. The tactic, known as an inversion, exploits what President Obama has called “one of the most insidious tax loopholes out there.” For Mylan, inversion meant shifting its business address to the Netherlands through a complicated transaction with Abbott Laboratories.

Senator Bernie Sanders had tweeted that “there’s no reason an EpiPen, which costs Mylan just a few dollars to make, should cost families more than $600.”

If Mylan loses too much value, it could struggle to defend itself from a future hostile takeover. But Bresch herself is well-insured: According to a recent analysis from Bloomberg, if she’s deposed in a merger, she’s in line for a $61.5 million golden parachute.

https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/24/epipen-mylan-bresch/

Aaron Carroll also discusses EpiPen as a case study in health care system dysfunction:
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/upshot/the-epipen-a-case-study-in-health-care-system-dysfunction.html

***

Comment:

By Don McCanne, M.D.

Much is being written about Mylan’s price gouging of its life-saving injectable epinephrine – EpiPen – charging over $600 for a product that costs less than a dollar to make, so rather than discussing the background, comments will be limited to the ethical underpinnings of this decision to gouge us.

Actually, nothing further need be said about the ethics of Mylan and its CEO Heather Bresch since they scream out at you in a cursory reading of the STAT article excerpts above. In an oft-repeated scenario, they created nothing but paid billions for a company that made their targeted product – billions of dollars that must be recovered through sales – then generated skyrocketing returns through escalating price gouging, and even avoided taxes through inversion. As CEO Bresch says, that’s her “baby.”

We sure get a lot of talk from Congress and the administration about outrageous drug prices, yet all we get from them is more talk. It almost makes you want to start a revolution (Bernie style) and nationalize the pharmaceutical industry (and some of the other industries while we’re at it). Well, maybe not a complete government takeover, but mandate that they be converted to non-profit public service corporations. We can start negotiations over nationalization and then come to the compromise of converting to non-profit private sector corporations, wherein the gains serve the public interest rather than being drained off to the one-percenters.

The EpiPen was her ‘baby.’ Now this pharma CEO is in the hot seat over price hikes

By Damian Garde
STAT, August 24, 2016

Drug company CEO Heather Bresch affectionately describes the humble EpiPen as her “baby,” a once-middling product that she turned into a blockbuster.

With aggressive advertising — and even more aggressive price hikes — Bresch has fostered the EpiPen into a bestseller that brings in more than $1 billion a year in revenue for Mylan Pharmaceuticals.

Even (Martin) Shkreli, widely perceived as a paragon of greed after hiking a drug price by 5,000 percent, decried Mylan as a group of “vultures.”

The EpiPen, an auto-injector used to reverse life-threatening allergic reactions, is inextricably tied to Bresch, whose ascension at the company tracks with the product’s rapid growth.

She has also become one of the drug industry’s highest-paid CEOs, pocketing more than $18 million in cash and stock last year.

Among the Senate’s membership is her father, Joe Manchin, a populist West Virginia Democrat whose influence is woven throughout her rise in the drug industry.

Bresch first adopted EpiPen in 2007, when Mylan purchased the generic drugs division of Germany’s Merck KGaA for $6.7 billion.

Bresch was promoted to chief operating officer at Mylan shortly after the deal with Merck KGaA. The official corporate announcement touted her MBA from West Virginia University. Months later, an exhaustive investigation by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette revealed that she hadn’t finished the MBA program — and a later independent report found that university officials had falsified her transcripts to conceal that fact, adding in grades “pulled from thin air.”

WVU’s provost and business school dean later resigned, and the university revoked Bresch’s degree.

In 2015, Mylan announced that it would move some of its operations overseas in search of a more favorable tax rate. The tactic, known as an inversion, exploits what President Obama has called “one of the most insidious tax loopholes out there.” For Mylan, inversion meant shifting its business address to the Netherlands through a complicated transaction with Abbott Laboratories.

Senator Bernie Sanders had tweeted that “there’s no reason an EpiPen, which costs Mylan just a few dollars to make, should cost families more than $600.”

If Mylan loses too much value, it could struggle to defend itself from a future hostile takeover. But Bresch herself is well-insured: According to a recent analysis from Bloomberg, if she’s deposed in a merger, she’s in line for a $61.5 million golden parachute.

https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/24/epipen-mylan-bresch/

Aaron Carroll also discusses EpiPen as a case study in health care system dysfunction:
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/upshot/the-epipen-a-case-study-in-health-care-system-dysfunction.html

Much is being written about Mylan’s price gouging of its life-saving injectable epinephrine – EpiPen – charging over $600 for a product that costs less than a dollar to make, so rather than discussing the background, comments will be limited to the ethical underpinnings of this decision to gouge us.

Actually, nothing further need be said about the ethics of Mylan and its CEO Heather Bresch since they scream out at you in a cursory reading of the STAT article excerpts above. In an oft-repeated scenario, they created nothing but paid billions for a company that made their targeted product – billions of dollars that must be recovered through sales – then generated skyrocketing returns through escalating price gouging, and even avoided taxes through inversion. As CEO Bresch says, that’s her “baby.”

We sure get a lot of talk from Congress and the administration about outrageous drug prices, yet all we get from them is more talk. It almost makes you want to start a revolution (Bernie style) and nationalize the pharmaceutical industry (and some of the other industries while we’re at it). Well, maybe not a complete government takeover, but mandate that they be converted to non-profit public service corporations. We can start negotiations over nationalization and then come to the compromise of converting to non-profit private sector corporations, wherein the gains serve the public interest rather than being drained off to the one-percenters.