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PNHP Leadership Training Institute

PNHP’s 2020 Leadership Training will take place Friday, November 13, at the Westin Book Cadillac Detroit. The training includes PNHP’s Annual Meeting, which will be held the following day, Saturday, November 14.

Registration for the program will be available in Summer 2020.

If you have a friend or colleague who should attend PNHP’s Leadership Training, please send their information to organizer@pnhp.org.


The PNHP Leadership Training is for health professional advocates who are looking to take a leadership role in the grassroots movement for single payer.

The Leadership Training is an organizing training that focuses on developing specific advocacy skills in media, chapter development, health policy, and public education.

The faculty are nationally known researchers, teachers and leaders present data making the case for national health insurance and answer the “tough questions” of opponents. Small group and plenary sessions provide the opportunity for in-depth discussion of the material and extensive personal attention.

Most participants are physicians or physicians-in-training; a select few non-physician allied health professionals also participate.

Objectives

At the end of this course, participants will be equipped to:

  • Articulate the national single-payer vision to colleagues and confidently debunk common myths.
  • Utilize PNHP resources to develop and present a grand rounds or single payer presentation aimed towards a health professional audience.
  • Create a local media strategy that includes meaningful engagement in social media platforms
  • Plan and participate in a lobby visit with an elected official
  • Develop a local organizing strategy

How to Write an Op-Ed and Letter to the Editor

Guide to Editorial Placement

Most newspapers feature an “Op-Ed” and “Letters to the Editor” section in which readers and public figures can express viewpoints and/or respond to particular news events. An Op-Ed is generally a short (600 – 750 words) article expressing an opinion or viewpoint on a timely news topic. A letter to the editor is a very short (150 – 200 words) response to an article that recently appeared in the publication.

The Op-Ed and Letters to the Editor sections are among the most widely read sections of the newspaper. Publication of an op-ed or letter will assure your views will reach many people.

Op-Eds

The following pointers will help you get your op-ed piece published:

* Find a timely news hook. Editors need a reason why your viewpoint should be given attention right now. The release of a significant study by PNHP or some other source, annual events (such as new health spending figures or the yearly release of the number of uninsured), or responses to recently published articles are all good reasons.

* Know the word limit. Newspapers have limited space, and editors don’t have the time to cut your piece down to size. In general, 600 to 750 words will do, but check the paper’s online opinion page to find out its submission guidelines. A fairly up-to-date list of such guidelines (for the top 100 papers in the country) can be found at bit.ly/cacVBi, a valuable but slow-loading page from The Op-Ed Project (www.theopedproject.org).

* Make a single point. You only have 600 to 750 words. Make one point clearly and persuasively.

* Use short paragraphs. Make sure there’s a space between each paragraph. Avoid complex sentences.

* Avoid jargon. Simple language ensures that all readers, even non-experts, can understand your point. For example, don’t use acronyms or “policy wonk” language.

* “Humanize” your article. Illustrations, anecdotes and personal stories help explain and bring complicated issues to life. Think about your personal experiences as a physician in the community or as a physician-in-training and how a single-payer system would improve things.

* Make a specific recommendation. This is an opinion piece. State your opinion on how to improve matters.

* Draw the reader in, but get to the point. Your first paragraph should draw the reader in by using a dramatic vignette or a well-stated argument. If you choose to open with an anecdote or other device, make sure you quickly get to the point.

* End with a bang. Your final paragraph is as important as your opening paragraph. Be sure to summarize your argument in one strong final paragraph.

* Provide your contact information. List your name, address, phone, fax and e-mail contact information at the bottom of the piece.

* Submit your op-ed via e-mail, as a rule. Copy and paste the text of your op-ed into the body of an e-mail message. Don’t send it as an attachment. Instructions for submitting an op-ed are usually on the opinion page of the paper’s website. Most papers like them e-mailed. For detailed instructions, see bit.ly/cacVBi.

* Follow up. Most op-ed editors will respond to you within a week. If you haven’t heard back from them by then or if your piece is particularly time-sensitive, you can follow up with an e-mail message or phone call to ask if it was received and ask about its status.

Letters to the Editor

These tips will help:

* Make one clear argument. The piece should be in favor of or critical of a particular position taken by the paper or described in an article.

* Be specific. The letter should focus on a specific issue that was raised in an article or opinion piece.

* Cite the article. Be sure to mention the title and date of the article you’re responding to in one of your first two sentences. For example “Dear editor, Your recent coverage of the issue of the uninsured (“Health care in America,” May 11, 2012) was a thoughtful piece…”

* Be brief. Generally, 150 to 200 words in three to four paragraphs are ideal. If you can’t contain the letter to that length, consider asking someone to help you edit it or write a 700-word op-ed instead.

* Follow up. If you have sent your letter to the editor and haven’t heard anything within a week, feel free to send a note or make a follow-up call to check on its status. Be aware that editors receive hundreds of letters and may not respond to you immediately, if at all.

You must include your name, address and daytime phone number in your letter. Instructions for submitting a letter to the editor are usually at the bottom of the page where they appear or on the paper’s website. Find out from your local paper the best way to send a letter. Most prefer e-mail. A handy summary of the submission guidelines of the country’s top 100 papers can be found at bit.ly/cacVBi.

Click here for a printable handout version (pdf)

Sample Medical Society Resolution

Resolution Introduced in the New York American College of Physicians

WHEREAS, The American College of Physicians has a long-standing commitment to making affordable health insurance coverage available to all Americans, and

WHEREAS, in October, 2000, the Board of Regents approved the ‘Core Principles On Access’ that includes an explicit goal for all Americans to be covered by an adequate health insurance plan, a goal that remains unfulfilled, and

WHEREAS 46 million Americans lack health insurance, and another 16 million more have inadequate insurance to meet their health needs, and the Institute of Medicine stated in 2004 that lack of health insurance causes roughly 18,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the United States, and

WHEREAS a lack of adequate insurance prevents many of our patients from obtaining the care they need in a timely fashion, from getting the tests required for diagnosing numerous illnesses, including cancer, and from taking their physician-prescribed medications for treating chronic illnesses such as diabetes and asthma, and obtaining preventive care, and

WHEREAS illness and medical bills contribute to 50 percent of all U.S. bankruptcies, affecting more than 2 million Americans annually, and

WHEREAS existing, skimpy insurance policies are inadequate to protect against financial ruin: 75 percent of those bankrupted by medical bills were insured at the onset of their bankrupting illness, and

WHEREAS, the United States spends twice the amount per capita on health care as industrialized nations which provide comprehensive coverage to all citizens, and

WHEREAS one-third (31 percent) of health spending is consumed by unnecessary, wasteful administrative bureaucracy, and

WHEREAS wasteful paperwork and bureaucracy severely compromises physicians’ ability to practice medicine, and

WHEREAS the Institute of Medicine identified universal health care coverage as the first principle for ensuring the health of all Americans and called on the federal government to reach this goal by 2010, and

WHEREAS, the “advanced medical home” advocated by the American College of Physicians cannot succeed in a system dominated by private insurance companies, and

WHEREAS on July 30, 1965 Congress passed the first Medicare bill, despite numerous warnings about the ‘dangers of socialized medicine’, and opposition by the AMA, and, Medicare has become one of the most popular and successful Federal programs ensuring access to healthcare and dignity for this country’s senior citizens, now therefore

BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Governors of the New York chapter of the American College of Physicians expresses its support for universal access to comprehensive, affordable, high-quality health care through a single-payer financing mechanism, i.e., for an expanded Medicare for All in New York State and in the nation.

Letter to the Editor Examples

Letters to the Editor by PNHP Members

April 26, 2006

To the Editor:

Lori Rackl’s story on uninsured cancer patients (“Uninsured Survivors Pay With Their Lives,” 4/26/06) is yet another powerful indictment of our broken healthcare system and a reminder of the need for a Single-Payer healthcare system in Illinois.

As a family physician who has worked in Chicago’s inner city for close to ten years, I have, unfortunately, seen many examples where patient’s health has deteriorated due to their inability to access healthcare. As a resident on the West Side of Chicago working on the inpatient ward, I took care of a beautiful African-American woman named Evelyn who had no health insurance, but a mounting health concern. One year prior, she had visited a primary care doctor to inquire why an ulcer on her breast would not heal. By the time she had decided to scale the financial barrier of seeing this doctor, the ulcerating sore, which was pathologically shown to be infiltrating ductal carcinoma, had long before migrated from her breast and seeded itself in the soft tissue or her abdomen and neck. Evelyn had metastatic breast cancer. She died five days later, before our hospital was even able to print her bill.

At Cook County Hospital, where I refer all of my uninsured patients, the wait to get a diagnostic colonoscopy can be as long as 18 months. Invasive carcinoma of the colon does not wait 18 months to progress and kill our patients. Long waits for cancer care persist at public hospitals because our profit-driven healthcare system leaves sick patients behind. A Single-Payer system, by contrast, would allow these patients to receive care elsewhere, thus saving lives!

A Single-Payer system would give everyone in this country all necessary healthcare coverage for his or her entire life. In a system like this we would take care of the patients that Lori Rackl wrote about, but most importantly, we would show them the dignity they deserve.

Sincerely,

Robert C. McKersie, MD
Family Physician
Author of In the Foothills of Medicine, A Young Doctor’s Journey from the Inner City of Chicago to the Mountains of Nepal.

Contacting the Media

PNHP issues press releases for media campaigns roughly six times per year. During these campaigns, activists are encouraged to contact their local media to inform them of the development in question and encourage them to cover it in a story.


PNHP Press Release Mailing List PNHP distributes press releases via our main mailing lists. PNHP members are automatically subscribed to this list. (be sure to add the addresses info@pnhp.org to your “safe senders” list so our messages will not be put in your spam box.) Non-members can subscribe to the mailing list by visiting the website at www.pnhp.org


Which Media to Contact A PNHP media campaign is an ideal way to begin building a press list. Once you get a PNHP press release, think about where you get your news from: the newspapers and journals you read, the radio news or talk stations you listen to, and the broadcast news or public television programs you watch. Make a list of media sources you think would be interested in the topic. If you need more ideas, the PNHP staff maintains a list of media contacts and can help with ideas. Contact the office at 312-782-6006 or info@pnhp.org


How to Get Media Contact Information It can sometimes be difficult to find contact information for your local media. Most of the time, a Google search will find you the best way to contact the outlet in question. For newspapers, Google the name of the publication. For television and radio stations, it is usually easier if you have the call letters of the station (WFLD, for instance), but you can also search the name of the broadcast station, channel or city. (ABC 7 Chicago, for example.) Once you have found the website for the station or publication, there will usually be a link to contact information somewhere on the page. Usually these links are at the very top or bottom of the page, or in a menu bar. The links commonly say “Contact Us” or “About.” If you are still having trouble finding contact information for the publication or station in question, contact the PNHP office at 312-782-6006 or info@pnhp.org.


Making a Press Call “Pitch calls” can be intimidating but are actually quite easy. The trick is to be able to quickly convey the important points of the story in a few opening sentences. As you think about what to say on your call, use the PNHP press release as a guide. (Keep it by you when you make your press call, it can help you remember the story if you get lost, and can provide quick facts if the reporter asks for them). The most important facts are at the top, the least important at the bottom. Your opening “pitch” should look a lot like the first two or three sentences of the press release. Here is an example from the attached sample press release:

“A new study in the American Journal of Public Health has found that Canadians are healthier than Americans, and also have better access to care. Even though the U.S. spends twice as much on care, we have higher rates of nearly every chronic disease and are more likely to go without needed care or medicine.”

If you need more help or clarification, contact the PNHP office. Once you know what you’re going to say, write it down. Keep this “script” next to you along with the press release when you make your calls.


How to Find the Right Person to Talk To Even if you’ve gotten contact information for your local paper or NPR station, you may not know the right person to talk to. Some websites will have directory of staff people with personal numbers or extensions. All media outlets are different, but here are some general rules to help you identify the appropriate person to contact: * Newspapers: Some newspapers staff a health reporter, but many don’t. Even in those that don’t have a formal health person, usually there is someone in the office who is assigned to take health stories. Look for the Assignment Editor or the News Desk Editor; they should be able to tell you who it is. * Television or Radio Broadcast: Larger news stations will have individual reporters, but medium and smaller ones may not. Look for the News Director. * Television or Radio Programs: TV and Radio programs have producers who make decisions about what to cover and who to book (for local programs many times the host is the producer). Look for this person. If you don’t have a staff directory or can’t find the appropriate person:

  1. Call the main number on the website or provided by the PNHP office.
  2. Ask the person who answers the phone for the newsroom (for newspapers and broadcast news / television) or the producer of the program in question.
  3. Once you get the newsroom, ask for the person who covers health stories. They should be able to direct you to someone.

Making the Pitch Once you know you’re talking to the right person, its time to make your pitch. Tell them right of the bat that you’ve got a story for them. Also be sure to let them know that you are a physician in the community. Use your script and press release to guide you. Always offer to send the press release for more information. Here’s the idea: REPORTER: Hello, John Smith. YOU: Hi, this is Dr. Jones from Community Hospital. I have a story I think you may be interested in. REPORTER: Sure. What have you got? YOU: There’s a new study in the American Journal of Public Health that’s found Canadians are healthier than Americans and also have better access to care. Even though the U.S. spends twice as much on care, we have higher rates of nearly every chronic disease and are more likely to go without needed care or medicine. REPORTER: Interesting. This is out today? YOU: No, it is embargoed until the 30th. I can send you the press release and materials if you’d like. REPORTER: Sounds great. My e-mail is reporter@newspaper.com PNHP press releases are both e-mailed to members and posted on the PNHP website. When you send an e-mail to a reporter, it is usually best to send the text of the press release in the body of the message rather than as an electronic attachment.


Following-Up If you’re lucky, your reporter may write a story. Lots of mid-size and local news outlets get their national news from the Associated Press, but a call from a local physician can sometimes make the difference in getting a story noticed when it comes off the wire. If you did get a story, it’s not a bad idea to follow-up with the reporter. If she did a good job covering it, thank her. If there’s something she missed or misinterpreted, gently let her know about it. Most of all, take the opportunity to invite further contact. Let the reporter know you are a physician in the community and are available to talk about the health system and health policy. You may even find yourself called for comment on other stories. Finally, if you have a good contact with a reporter, let the PNHP office know about it at 312-782-6006 or info@pnhp.org.

Physicians’ Proposal

Beyond the Affordable Care Act: A Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform

Dear colleague,

We invite you to add your name to the list of endorsers of “Beyond the Affordable Care Act: A Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform,” which is displayed below. (To view a PDF of the proposal and other, supplemental materials, click here. To read and view media coverage of the proposal, click here. To access content from the May 5, 2016 news conference, click here.)

This proposal was drafted by the 39 member Working Group on Single-Payer Program Design. It was published in the June 2016 issue of the American Journal of Public Health, and has been endorsed by 2,525 other physicians and 186 medical students to date. (See below for a complete list of endorsers.)

Thank you for partnering with us in this effort.

Sincerely,

The Working Group on Single-Payer Program Design

Co-chairs:*

Adam Gaffney, M.D., Pulmonary & Critical Care Fellowship Program, Massachusetts General Hospital

David U. Himmelstein, M.D., Professor of Public Health, City University of New York; Lecturer in Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Steffie Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H., Professor of Public Health, City University of New York; Lecturer in Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Marcia Angell, M.D., Former Editor-in-Chief, New England Journal of Medicine; Senior Lecturer, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

* Affiliations listed for identification purposes only and do not imply institutional endorsement.

Endorsement Options

I am a physician or medical student and I wish to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform.

I am a non-physician health professional or a reform advocate outside the health professions and I wish to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform.

I am authorized to speak on behalf of my institution, and my institution wishes to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform.

I am unable to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform at this time but would like to make a donation to further this effort.

Abstract

Even after full implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), tens of millions of Americans will remain uninsured or only partially insured, and costs will continue to rise faster than the background inflation rate. We propose to replace the ACA with a publicly financed National Health Program (NHP) that would fully cover medical care for all Americans, while lowering costs by eliminating the profit-driven private insurance industry with its massive overhead.  Hospitals, nursing homes, and other provider facilities would be nonprofit, and paid global operating budgets rather than fees for each service. Physicians could opt to be paid on a fee-for-service basis, but with fees adjusted to better reward primary care providers, or by salaries in facilities paid by global budgets.  The initial increase in government costs would be offset by savings in premiums and out-of-pocket costs, and the rate of medical inflation would slow, freeing up resources for unmet medical and public health needs.

Click on each section to see text.

List of Additional Working Group Members

David Ansell, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
Thomas Bodenheimer, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Family and Community Medicine. University of California, San Francisco
David Harkavy Bor, M.D., Chief of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA
Allan Brett, M.D., Professor and Vice Chair of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
Olveen Carrasquillo, M.D., M.P.H., Professor of Medicine and Public Health Sciences; Chief, Division of General Internal Medicine; Director, Health Services Research & Policy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Andrew D. Coates, M.D., Chief of Hospital Medicine, Samaritan Hospital, Troy, New York; immediate past President, Physicians for a National Health Program
James Dalen M.D., Executive Director, Weil Foundation; Dean Emeritus, University of Arizona College of Medicine
Claudia Fegan, M.D., Executive Medical Director, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago
Oliver Fein, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Healthcare Policy and Research, and Associate Dean, Weill Cornell Medical College
Richard N. Gottfried, J.D., Chair, New York State Assembly Committee on Health
Kevin Grumbach, M.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco
Charlene Harrington, Ph.D., RN, Professor Emerita, University of California San Francisco
Richard B. Johnston, Jr., M.D., Professor of Pediatrics and Associate Dean, University of Colorado School of Medicine; past President, American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research
Norman Kaplan, M.D., Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
Arthur Kleinman, M.D., M.A., Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University, Professor of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Bernard Lown, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Cardiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Nobel Peace Prize recipient
Don McCanne, M.D., Senior Health Policy Fellow, Physicians for a National Health Program, San Juan Capistrano, CA
Judson Randolph, M.D. (deceased), Professor of Surgery Emeritus, George Washington University; past President, American Pediatric Surgical Association
Cecile Rose, M.D., M.P.H., Professor of Medicine, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver
Jeffrey Scavron, M.D., Brightwood Health Center/Centro de Salud, Springfield, MA
Gordon Schiff, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Brigham & Womens’ Hospital/ Harvard Medical School
Ashwini Sehgal, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Bioethics, Community Health Improvement, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University
Ann M. Settgast, M.D., HealthPartners Center for International Health, St. Paul, MN
Martin F. Shapiro, M.D., M.D.C.M., M.P.H., Ph.D., Professor and Chief, General Internal Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
Samuel Shem, M.D., D.Phil., Psychiatrist and author of “The House of God”
Paul Y. Song, M.D., Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Los Angeles; Chairman, The Courage Campaign
Nada Stotland, M.D, M.P.H., Professor of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College; former President, American Psychiatric Association
Arthur J. Sutherland III, M.D., Founder, Sutherland Cardiology Clinic, Memphis, TN
Gerald Thomson, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, past President, American College of Physicians
Adewale Troutman, M.D., M.P.H., Professor and Associate Dean, University of South Florida College of Public Health; former President, American Public Health Association
Howard Waitzkin, Ph.D., M.D., Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Departments of Sociology, Family and Community Medicine, and Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico
David H. Wegman, M.D., M.Sc., Professor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Andrew Wilper, M.D., M.P.H., Chief of Medicine, Boise VA Medical Center
Quentin Young, M.D., Chicago (deceased)
Robert Zarr, M.D., M.P.H., Pediatrician, Unity Health Care, Washington, DC; President, Physicians for a National Health Program

Introduction

In the United States the right to medical care remains a dream deferred, despite passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).  The U.S continues to spend strikingly more on health care than other industrialized nations,1 while our health outcomes lag behind.  Even with the ACA fully implemented, an estimated twenty-seven million will remain uninsured,2 while many more face rising copayments and deductibles that compromise access to care and leave them vulnerable to ruinous medical bills.3-9

We propose a single-payer National Health Program (NHP) covering all Americans for all needed medical care. The design of such a program has been previously described,10,11 but intervening developments – notably the proliferation of large integrated delivery systems – require revisions.

The NHP can be conceptualized as an expansion of Medicare to the entire population, with correction of that system’s deficiencies – most glaringly, high cost sharing, limitations on coverage, and subcontracting to wasteful private plans. By dramatically reducing administrative costs and other inefficiencies, the NHP could eliminate both uninsurance and underinsurance without any increase in overall health care expenditures. It would sever the problematic link between employment and insurance, and minimize patients’ and physicians’ paperwork burden. Although the system we envision would be publicly financed, it would rely largely on existing private hospitals, clinics and practitioners to provide care. However, because investor ownership of health care providers is known to compromise quality and divert funds from clinical care to overhead and profits,12-14 the NHP would not include such providers.  Following are the essential features of the proposed system.

Coverage

A single-payer NHP would cover every American for all medically necessary services, including mental health, rehabilitation and dental care, without copayments or deductibles. Covered services would be determined by boards of experts and patient advocates; ineffective services would be excluded from coverage.

Patient cost sharing blocks access to vital care (e.g. by delaying care for patients with myocardial infarction); reduces adherence to medications; and selectively burdens the sick and the poor.5,15-19  Moreover, cost sharing has proven ineffective at containing system-wide costs, in part because collecting and tracking co-payments and deductibles entails substantial administrative effort and cost.

The NHP would, like Medicare, ban private insurance that duplicates the public coverage to forestall the emergence of a two-tiered health care system, in which insurers would compete by lobbying to underfund the public part of the system. Moreover, in the NHP, as in Medicare, inclusion of the affluent would serve as an important guarantor of adequate coverage.

Hospital Payment

The NHP would fund each hospital with a “global budget,” a lump sum covering all operating expenses, eliminating per-patient billing.  Global budgets would be negotiated annually between hospitals and the NHP based on previous years’ operating expenses, changes in demand and input prices, and proposed service enhancements. Global budgets would cover operating expenses, but could not be used for expansion or modernization, which the NHP would fund separately through explicit capital allocations. Nor could operating funds be used for advertising, profit, or bonuses. For-profit hospitals would be converted to nonprofit governance and their owners compensated for past investments. In some instances, the NHP might fold hospital budgets into global operating budgets paid to non-profit or public integrated systems that provide primary through tertiary care.

At present, hospital CEOs anticipate their institution’s budget for the upcoming year, but garner funds from thousands, even millions of individual transactions. Hospital billing offices tabulate lengthy itemized bills and charge a multitude of payers using inefficient, complex and separately negotiated rate schedules. Current payment systems have also encouraged rampant gaming through “upcoding” (exaggerating the severity of patients’ illnesses), “cherry picking” (concentrating on lucrative services for well-insured patients), and other financial maneuvering.20  Global budgeting with separate, explicit capital allocation would provide a “cost-neutral” payment framework, minimizing hospitals’ incentives to avoid (or seek out) particular patients or services, inflate volumes, or upcode.  Global budgets would also eliminate hospital billing and relieve clinicians of billing-related documentation, freeing up resources to enhance clinical services. In Scotland and Canada, which fund hospitals through global budgets, administration consumes about 12% of hospital spending vs. 25% in the U.S. – suggesting that an NHP could shift about $150 billion annually from hospital administration to patient care.21

Payment for Physicians and Outpatient Care

The NHP would accommodate two different modes of payment for physicians and other outpatient practitioners: fee-for-service using a simple binding fee schedule, or salaries for those working in nonprofit hospitals, clinics, capitated group practices, HMOs, and integrated health care systems.

While conventional wisdom blames the failings of our health care system (especially cost)22 on fee-for-service incentives, every mode of payment has pitfalls. Yet other countries have found fee-for-service – as well as capitation and salaried practice – compatible with quality and cost containment, as long as the fees do not unduly reward procedure-oriented specialists compared with primary care providers. Regardless of the payment mode, the NHP would prohibit the diversion of operating revenues to profits or capital investments, and the payment of bonuses tied (either positively or negatively) to utilization or to institutional profitability. The NHP would shrink physicians’ overhead expenses by simplifying (under fee-for-service) or virtually eliminating (under salaried practice) billing-related tasks.

For fee-for-service practitioners, the NHP and organizations representing the practitioners would negotiate a simple, binding fee schedule. The NHP could draw on a number of tools that other countries have found effective in countering the inflationary tendency of fee-for-service, including: monitoring for extreme practice patterns; adjusting fee schedules to attenuate discrepancies between cognitive and procedural care; enforcing regional caps on fee-for-service payments; and facilitating education on low-value medical interventions.

Practitioners could also choose salaried practice in non-profit globally budgeted providers such as hospitals, clinics, group practices, etc. Where appropriate, the global budget could include funding for community programming (e.g. needle exchange programs or school-based services) not attributable (or billable) to individual patients.

Integrated health care systems would also employ salaried practitioners. In such systems, hospitals might be paid through a separate global budget, or through a unified global budget for the entire organization.  Integrated provider networks and accountable care organizations (ACOs) offer potential benefits, but also the threat that they will exploit oligopoly market power to drive up costs and profits, and pressure physicians to help achieve these goals. Hence, the NHP would allow, even encourage integrated systems, but would mandate that regionally dominant systems be publicly controlled.

Long-Term Care

The NHP would fund the full spectrum of LTC for the disabled of all ages. Local public agencies employing expert panels of social workers, nurses, therapists, and physicians would assess eligibility and coordinate care. These agencies would receive a global budget from the NHP to LTC for all individuals within their catchment area. They would contract with individual caregivers, as well as nonprofit and public agencies and facilities. Alternatively, integrated provider organizations could receive an augmented capitation fee or global budget to provide LTC as well as acute care services.

Countries such as Japan and Germany with universal LTC coverage provide more and better care, yet spend no more than the U.S.23 The NHP would emphasize LTC provided in patients’ homes and communities rather than institutions.

Health Planning and Explicit Capital Funding

The NHP would fund all major capital investments through explicit appropriations. Regional health planning boards would allocate capital funds for new facilities and expensive new equipment based on medical need, project quality and efficiency. Private donations for projects that would entail increases in NHP operating expenses would be proscribed.

When capital funding and operating payments are combined in a single revenue stream, as is now the case, profitable health care institutions are able to expand and modernize, regardless of medical need, while those with less favorable bottom lines fall further behind. Too often, profitability reflects not efficiency or quality, but the avoidance of unprofitable patients and services, a willingness to game payment systems, and the exercise of market clout. As a result, the implicit capital allocation process has created both medical deserts – areas of great need and few resources – and lavish, often redundant medical palaces that compete for lucrative patients and are tempted to provide unneeded care.

Planning should also assure that training programs produce an appropriate mix of health professionals.  Residency programs (already publicly funded) must train generalists and specialists in proportions that reflect societal needs. Currently, debts incurred by medical students are, over the long run, paid off from medical salaries and fees, and skew students’ career choices toward high-income specialties.  Instead, we advocate that the NHP fully subsidize the education of physicians, as well as that of nurses, public health professionals and other health care personnel.

Medications, Devices, and Supplies

The NHP would cover all medically necessary prescription medications, devices and supplies. It would directly negotiate prices with manufacturers, producing substantial savings. An expert panel would establish and update a national formulary, which would specify the use of the lowest cost medications among therapeutically equivalent drugs (with exceptions where clinically required).

Full drug coverage is an essential component of an NHP. Copayments reduce adherence to medications and worsen clinical outcomes. The NHP would, like other large purchasers, use its market clout and formularies to negotiate lower drug prices with manufacturers. For instance, the Veterans Administration pays only 56-63% as much as Medicare does for drugs,24 because Medicare is prohibited from negotiating for lower prices.

Cost Containment

A single-payer system would trim administration, reduce incentives to over-treat, lower drug prices, minimize wasteful investments in redundant facilities, and eliminate almost all marketing and investor profits. These measures would yield the substantial savings needed to fund universal care and new investments in currently under-funded services and public health activities – without any net increase in national health spending.

Private insurers’ overhead currently averages 12.0%,26 as compared with only 2.1% for fee-for-service Medicare.27 The complexity of reimbursement systems also forces physicians and hospitals to waste substantial resources on documentation, billing and collections. As a result, U.S. health care administration costs are about double those in Canada, where the single-payer system pays hospitals global budgets and physicians via simplified fee schedules.  Reducing U.S. administrative costs to Canadian levels would save over $400 billion annually.25

Funding

Total expenditures under the NHP would be limited to approximately the same proportion of GDP as the year prior to its establishment. While the needed funds could be garnered in a variety of ways, we favor the use of progressive taxes in order to reduce income inequality – itself an important social determinant of poor health.

During a transition period, all public funds currently spent on health care – including Medicare, Medicaid, and state and local health care programs – would be redirected to the unified NHP budget. Such public spending – together with tax subsidies for employer-paid insurance and government expenditures for public workers’ health benefits – already accounts for 60% of total U.S. health expenditures.28 Additional funds would be raised through taxes, though importantly these would be fully offset by a decrease in out-of-pocket spending and premiums.

During the transition period, these additional public funds could be raised through a variety of measures, e.g. redirecting employers’ health benefit spending to the NHP through payroll taxes. In the longer term, however, direct funding through progressive taxes would be fairer. By unburdening employers, the NHP would facilitate entrepreneurship while increasing the global competitiveness of American business.

Alternatives to NHP: The Affordable Care Act (ACA)

The ACA embodies the hopes of many for a more just health care system. Yet it will, according to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), leave approximately 27 million Americans uninsured,2 in part reflecting some states’ refusal to expand Medicaid. Nor will it eliminate underinsurance. Disturbingly, the ACA has facilitated the imposition of new out-of-pocket costs on Medicaid recipients, and the skimpy coverage provided by many of the plans sold through the exchanges codifies the trend towards higher cost sharing for the privately insured.

While the law laudably reduces copayments and deductibles for some families with incomes 100-250% of poverty, the financial burden on the middle class will remain high despite the recent (and likely temporary) deceleration in health care inflation. Bronze plans purchased through the exchanges cover, on average, only 60% of enrollees’ expenses, with families expected to bear out-of-pocket costs (on top of premiums) of up to $13,200 annually for covered services. Moreover, care obtained outside of the narrow provider networks provided by many exchange plans is neither covered nor applied to the out-of-pocket cap.

Unlike an NHP, expanded coverage under the ACA will increase bureaucracy. In the decade ahead, the law will funnel an estimated $895  billion in new federal subsidies2 (and billions more in premiums paid by families) to private insurers, reinforcing their grip on care, and wasting billions on their overhead. Much of the $700 billion in new Medicaid spending will also flow through private managed care firms.  Overall, government actuaries predict that the reform will boost insurance overhead by $265.8 billion between 2013 and 2022.29

Alternatives to NHP: Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)

ACOs are now widely promoted as a solution to our health care problems.  These organizations combine groups of medical providers and hospitals that, in the words of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), “come together to give coordinated high quality care … while avoiding unnecessary duplication of services.”30 Proponents argue that aligning the financial incentives of insurers and providers will upgrade quality and motivate providers to be thrifty. Under ACO arrangements, insurers offer bonuses to hospitals and medical groups if they reduce health care costs, and (under some arrangements) penalize them when costs exceed targets. Like the HMOs of a previous era, ACOs invert fee-for-service incentives to provide excess care, instead offering rewards for reducing care. To counter the obvious risk that these inverted incentives may lead to the denial of needed care, ACO payment schemes invariably mandate extensive reporting of quality indicators, and withhold some payments unless quality targets are met.

Unfortunately, experience warns that quality monitoring may not protect patients in a profit-driven medical environment. Such monitoring figured prominently in the seminal HMO proposal31 that preceded the well-documented abuses of the 1990s. Even today, quality measurement remains rudimentary, with quality indicators assessing only a small slice of care, and providers routinely “game” (and sometimes even falsify) quality metrics.32

Claims of cost savings are also suspect. Initial results from Medicare’s Physician Group Practice Demonstration (PGP) suggested savings of 1.4% below expenditure targets.33  But even these modest savings were called into question by the CBO’s finding that PGP practices’ aggressive upcoding boosted their expenditure targets, resulting in “apparent savings . . . but not actually fewer dollars spent.”34 Moreover, the PGP figures, and more recent studies reporting savings in Medicare and private sector ACO programs have ignored bonus payments to providers;35 savings evaporate once bonuses are factored in.

Alternatives to NHP: Value-Based Payment and Pay for Performance (P4P)

In recent years, “value” – essentially the ratio of desired outcomes to cost – has become the preeminent health policy buzzword. Many argue that rewarding providers on the basis of the value they create for patients, rather than the volume of care they deliver, will improve outcomes, contain costs, and foster innovation.36-38

Unfortunately, empiric support for this approach is lacking, and it rests on dubious assumptions about measurement and motivation. In assessing outcomes, isolating the “signal” of medical quality amidst the “noise” of genetic, social and behavioral factors that influence health is almost impossible. No current or foreseeable risk-adjustment algorithm reliably accounts for the many patient factors that are beyond clinicians’ control. Despite decades of effort to develop inpatient risk adjustment, four widely used algorithms yield strikingly divergent rankings of hospital mortality performance.39 Hospitals that appear first-rate according to one algorithm can appear hazardous according to another. Similarly, even excellent doctors who care for disadvantaged patients often score poorly on quality metrics.40 The largest hospital P4P demonstrations found initial gains, but no lasting improvement in outcomes.41-43 Systematic reviews on P4P have concluded that high-quality evidence of benefit is lacking.44

Conclusion

We face We face a historic crossroads in health care. One way would take us further down the path laid out by the ACA: down this road, millions of Americans remain uninsured, underinsurance grows, costs rise, and inefficiency and the search for profits are abetted. An alternative, market-based route, favored by conservative political leaders but not, according to surveys, by the public, would roll back the ACA’s expansion of coverage, degrade Medicare and Medicaid, and reward entrepreneurs at the expense of patients.

The single-payer NHP that we advocate is a third path. It is the best way – indeed, the only practical way – to provide comprehensive care to all Americans that would be affordable over the long term.

Implementation will require a detailed transition process and pose novel problems; for instance, significant resources will be needed for job retraining and placement for displaced health insurance and billing workers. But those dislocations would be offset in part by increased employment in care delivery and in other sectors of the economy, since employers would be relieved of the burden of providing ever more expensive health insurance. Overall, the NHP would entail far less disruption for clinicians and patients than alternative reforms. Free choice of doctor and hospital would become the norm, not a privilege for the few. Clinicians would continue treating patients in their practices, albeit with substantially reduced paperwork and administrative expenses.

The reforms we propose would improve the fairness and efficiency of medical care, but additional measures would be needed to address other critically important determinants of health.  Global warming would remain a looming threat. Policies that attenuate glaring income inequalities and assure an adequate standard of living for all Americans are essential if we are to reverse widening income-based health disparities45. Similarly, the stain of racial inequality and racism must be addressed if we are to achieve health for all.

While the NHP would achieve savings on administration and profiteering, the benefits of these savings can only be realized if funds are redirected to currently underfunded health priorities, particularly public health46. Moreover, many problems within medical care would remain. Regional health planning and capital allocation would make possible, but not assure, fair and efficient resource allocation; quality problems would persist; and areas such as long term and mental health care, and substance abuse will require new and creative solutions. Although an NHP would not solve these problems, it would establish a framework for addressing them.

Over the past century, myriad health care reforms – most well-intentioned – have been proposed and attempted. Yet continued reliance on private insurers and profit-driven providers has doomed them to fail. It is time to chart a new course, to change the system itself. By doing so, we can realize, at last, the right to health care in America.

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List of Endorsers, as of August 21, 2016

Physician endorsers

Susan Abraham, M.D., Swanzey, NH
Henry Abrons, M.D., MPH, Berkeley, CA
Pippa Abston, M.D., Ph.D., Huntsville, AL
Anthony Accurso, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Eric Achtyes, M.D., Grand Rapids, MI
Harry A. Ackley, M.D., Menlo Park, CA
Charles Adams, MD, Hollywood, FL
David Adams, M.D., Yarmouth, ME
Garrett Adams, M.D., MPH, Louisville, KY
Hunter “Patch” Adams, M.D., Urbana, IL
James H. Adams, D.O., Kirksville, MO
Kristin Adams, M.D., Burton, WA
Richard Adams, MD, Lincoln, NM
Nelson L. Adamson, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Ira S. Addes, M.D., Amherst, MA
Arun R. Adya, MS, MBA, Berkeley, CA
Paul Afek, MD, Albuquerque, NM
Reena Agarwal, M.D., Briarcliff Manor, NY
Sumit Agarwal, MD, Charlottesville, VA
Neelofur Ahmad, M.D., Houston, TX
Joanne Ahola, MD, New York, NY
Stephen Ajl, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Mohammad Akram, MD, Barberton, OH
Josephine Albano, M.D., Wilmington, MA
William H. Albers, M.D., Dunlap, IL
Martin Albert, M.D., Charlottesville, VA
Danielle Alexander, M.D., M.Sc., Sacramento, CA
Edward W. Allen, M.D., Englewood, FL
Jeffrey R. Allen M.D., Victor, NY
Charles F. Allendorf, M.D., Warwick, RI
Kris Alman, M.D., Portland, OR
Leonardo L. Alonso, D.O., Jacksonville, FL
Pamela Alsum, M.D., Madison, WI
Daryl Altman, M.D., Lynbrook, NY
Ralph J. Alvarez, M.D., Warwick, NY
Patrick Alvino, M.D., Branford, CT
Tim Alward, M.D., Nashville, IN
Ahdi Amer, M.D., Detroit, MI
Dominic Anaya, DO, Portland, OR
Kathleen Andersen, M.D., Seattle, WA
Angela Anderson, MD, Rapid City, SD
David H. Anderson, M.D., Healdsburg, CA
Einar W. Anderson, M.D., Columbia, SC
Janice Anderson, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
John Anderson, MD, Wyomissing, PA
Matt Anderson, M.D., M.Sc., Ardsley-on-Hudson, NY
Roberto Andreu, MD, Hialeah, FL
Allen Andrews, MD, Sarasota, FL
Marcia A. Angle, M.D., MPH, Durham, NC
Burton M. Angrist, M.D., High Falls, NY
Nicholas Anton, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Harold Appel, M.D., New York, NY
J. Cyrus Appell, M.D., Seattle, WA
Tomas J. Aragon, M.D., DrPH, Berkeley, CA
Javali Aroon, M.D., Lexington, KY
Jeffrey Arp-Sandel, M.D., Chatham, NY
Thomas S. Artim, M.D., Orchard Park, NY
Susan M. Asch, MD, PhD, North Oaks, MN
Iris S. Ascher, M.D., New York, NY
Daniel Ash, MD, Chicago, IL
Keith W. Ashcraft, M.D., Leawood, KS
Jaron Asher, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
Francis Ashie, MD, Rockledge, FL
Patrice A. Aston, D.O., FAAP, Oklahoma City, OK
Rita Aszalos, M.D., New York, NY
Harold L. Atkins, M.D., South Setauket, NY
Roland Atkinson, M.D., Milwaukie, OR
Boudinot T. Atterbury, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Steve Auerbach, M.D., MPH, FAAP, New York, NY
Richard C. Austin, M.D., Shelburne, VT
Lenore Azaroff, MD, Cambridge, MA
Haris Aziz, M.D., Rochester, NY
William (Jack) Babson Jr., MD, Sinclair, ME
Jacob Babu, M.D., Queens, NY
Leonard Bachman, M.D., Chevy Chase, MD
Ephraim Back, M.D., MPH, Guilderland, NY
Frank I. Backus, M.D., Seattle, WA
Deborah Badawi, M.D., Parkton, MD
Karl Baer, M.D., Bremerton, WA
Nahiris Bahamon, MD, Chicago, IL
Richard Bail, M.D., MPH, West Newton, MA
Susan E. Bailey, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Rebecca Bak, MD, MPH, Zuni, NM
Robert S. Baker, M.D., Long Grove, IL
William Baker, M.D., Blacksburg, VA
Bjørn Bakken, MD, Minneapolis, MN
Johan S. Bakken, MD, Duluth, MN
Susie Baldwin, M.D., MPH, Los Angeles, CA
Louis Balizet, M.D., Pueblo, CO
Jan Ball, MD, Olympia, WA
Jonathan Ballard, M.D., Chicago, IL
Stanley R. Balon, M.D., Cumberland, RI
Michael Bank, M.D., Danbury, CT
Aaron D. Bannett, MD, MBA, Philadelphia, PA
Ankush Bansal, M.D., West Palm Beach, FL
James E. Barham, M.D., Asheville, NC
William H. Barker, M.D., Pittsford, NY
Peter Barland, M.D., New Rochelle, NY
Kenneth Barnes, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Ann Barnet, M.D., East Ryegate, VT
Beth Barnet, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Peter Barnett, M.D., Tahoe City, CA
H. Douglas Barnshaw, M.D., Longmeadow, MA
Nancy Baron, MD, New York, NY
Bruce Barrett, M.D., Ph.D., Madison, WI
Robert A. Barron, M.D., Central Lake, MI
Jeffery Barteau, M.D., Rockford, IL
Carl E. Bartecchi, M.D., Pueblo, CO
Josef Bartels, MD, MPH, Boise, ID
Sara Bartos, M.D., Austin, TX
Louis E. Bartoshesky, M.D., Newark, DE
Connie Basch, M.D., Arcata, CA
Samuel Bastacky, M.D., San Geronimo, CA
John R. Battista, MD, New Milford, CT
Stephen F. Bauer, M.D., New York, NY
Carl I. Baum, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Carolina G. Bauman, M.D., White Plains, NY
Mark Bauman, MD, Bloomington, IN
Earl D. Baumgartel, M.D., FACS, Loveland, CO
Alan S. Baumgarten, M.D., Asheville, NC
Sonia Baur, M.D., Garberville, CA
Jeffrey Baxter, MD, Shrewsbury, MA
Richard E. Bayer, M.D., Portland, OR
Paul W. Beach, M.D., MPH, Philadelphia, PA
John Beamis, MD, Santa Barbara, CA
James R. Beaudoin, M.D., Newtown, CT
Elizabeth J. Beautyman, M.D., New York, NY
Jerry Beavers, MD, Northboro, MA
Joan N. Becich, M.D., Ashland, OR
Karen Becker, M.D., MPH, New York, NY
William S. Beckett, M.D., MPH, Watertown, MA
Russell Beckley, M.D., Everett, WA
Howard Beckman, M.D., Rochester, NY
Thomas Beckner, M.D., Greeneville, TN
Jeanne Beddoe, MD, Rochester, NY
C. Christian Beels, M.D., MS, New York, NY
Claudia Beghe-Balducci, M.D., Tampa, FL
Ashni Behal, M.D., Lima, OH
Les Beitsch, M.D., Tallahassee, FL
Robert J. Belisle, D.O., Milford, OH
Jennifer Bell, M.D., Bettendorf, IA
Linda Bellama, M.D., New York, NY
Ray Bellamy, M.D., Tallahassee, FL
Charles P. Benedict, M.D., Coatesville, PA
Valerie Bengal, M.D., FAAFP, Santa Cruz, CA
Alana Benjamin, MD, Taos, NM
Daniel D. Bennett, M.D., Madison, WI
Charles L. Bensonhaver, M.D., Johns Island, SC
John Benziger, M.D., South China, ME
Patricia Downs Berger, M.D., Brookline, MA
Bonnie Berger-Durnbaugh, M.D., Madison, WI
David B. Bergman, M.D., Rancho Santa Fe, CA
Sam Bergman, M.D., Hancock, ME
John G. Bergstrom, M.D., FACP, Mesa, AZ
Elizabeth C. Berigan, M.D., Bryan, TX
Steven Berk, M.D., PharmD, Scarsdale, NY
James Bernstein, M.D., FACP, New York, NY
James Berry, M.D., Gorham, ME
Paul Bertocci, M.D., Cambridge, VT
Joshua Bess, MD, Seattle, WA
Cheryl Bettigole, M.D., MPH, Philadelphia, PA
Dana Beyer, M.D., Chevy Chase, MD
Shivarama Bhat, M.D., FACP, FASN, Rocklin, CA
Jyotsna Bhatt, M.D., River Forest, IL
Edna R. Bick, D.O., Flushing, MI
William J. Bickers, M.D., Memphis, TN
Deb M. Bieging, M.D., Chippewa Falls, WI
James Bieging, M.D., Chippewa Falls, WI
Wallace Bigbee Sr., M.D., McMinnville, TN
Gerard J. Billmeier, Jr., M.D., Memphis, TN
James Binder, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Michael Binder, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Adam Bisaga, M.D., Ardsley, NY
Gene Bishop, MD, Philadelphia, PA
Katherine Bishop, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Michael G. Bissell, M.D., MPH, PhD, Columbus, OH
Stephen Bittner, M.D., Columbus, OH
Cary M. Bjork, MD, Marquette, MI
Philip G. Black, M.D., Kansas City, MO
Christopher R. Blagg, M.D., FRCP, Mercer Island, WA
Jim Blaine, MD, Springfield, MO
Elizabeth Blalock, MD, Waimanalo, HI
Arthur S. Blank, Jr., M.D., Chevy Chase, MD
Peter A. Blasco, M.D., Sherwood, OR
Mindy Blaski, M.D., Seattle, WA
David Blatt, M.D., Saugatuck, MI
Barbara L. Blaylock, M.D., Rockville, MD
Tom Bleck, M.D., Evanston, IL
Carol E. Blenning, M.D., Portland, OR
Robin Blitz, M.D., Scottsdale, AZ
Nancy T. Block, M.D., Berkeley Heights, NJ
Robert Block, M.D., MPH, Rochester, NY
Harrison Bloom, M.D., Hastings-on-Hudson, NY
Patricia Bloom, M.D., Hastings-On-Hudson, NY
H. John Blossom, M.D., Fresno, CA
Marlene Bluestein, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Corinne Blum, MD, AAHIVS, Chicago, IL
Ronald I. Blum, M.D., Patten, ME
Daniel S. Blumenthal, M.D., MPH, Atlanta, GA
Peter Blumenthal, M.D., MPH, Maplewood, NJ
George W. Bock, M.D., Aurora, Co
Gary M. Boelling, M.D., Port Townsend, WA
Annette Boer, M.D., Columbus, OH
Jean M. Bokelmann, M.D., Pocatello, ID
Susan E. Bonadonna, M.D., Larchmont, NY
James M. Bonnar, M.D., Wareham, MA
Neil Borja, DO, Brooklyn, NY
John J. Boronow, M.D., Lutherville, MD
Richard A. Borrison, M.D., Sunnyvale, CA
Kathleen Bottum, M.D., Ph.D., Mechanicsburg, IL
Marion Bouchard, M.D., Bristol, VT
William Boucher, M.D., Biddeford, ME
Chad Boult, M.D., Boise, ID
Kathryn Bourgoin, M.D., Orono, ME
Adrian R. Bourque, M.D., Wausau, WI
James K. Bouzoukis, M.D., Wilmington, DE
Ralph Bovard, M.D., MPH, FACSM, Minneapolis, MN
William Bowen, MD, Santa Fe, NM
John D. Bower, M.D., Brandon, MS
Mark Bower, M.D., Springfield, MO
J. Russell Bowman, D.O., MS, MHA, Albuquerque, NM
J. Wesley Boyd, M.D., Ph.D., Needham, MA
John Boyer, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Laura S. Boylan, MD, New York, NY
Charles D. Brackett, M.D., MPH, Etna, NH
Stuart Bramhall, M.D., New Plymouth, New Zealand,
James Bramlette, M.D., Tiburon, CA
Mark Brancel, M.D., St. Paul, MN
Ita S. Brandman, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Carl W. Braun, MD, Thornwood, NY
Cynthia Braun, M.D., Katonah, NY
Harold A. Braun, M.D., Missoula, MT
Ida G. Braun, M.D., San Mateo, CA
Norma M.T. Braun, MD, Thornwood, NY
Glenn Braunstein, MD, Newport Beach, CA
Paula A. Braveman, M.D., MPH, San Francisco, CA
Erica M. Brendel, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Tamara Brenner, M.D., Elmhurst, IL
Judson Brewer, M.D., Worcester, MA
Robin W. Briehl, M.D., Waccabuc, NY
Rambie L. Briggs, M.D., Lago Vista, TX
Aaron B. Brill, M.D., Ph.D., Nashville, TN
Paula Brinkley, M.D., MPH, Berkeley, CA
Nancy Brockington, M.D., Arcata, CA
Donald S. Broder, M.D., Studio City, CA
Judith Broder, MD, Studio City, CA
Martin I. Broder, M.D., East Longmeadow, MA
Amy Brodkey, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Richard Brodsky, M.D., Everett, WA
Howard Brody, M.D., Ph.D., Galveston, TX
Fredrik F. Broekhuizen, M.D., Whitefish Bay, WI
Ray E. Broggini, M.D., Paauilo, HI
David M. Bronstein, MD, PhD, Chapel Hill, NC
Bill Bronston, M.D., Carmichael, CA
Barry Brook, MD, Blue Ash, OH
Judith Brook, M.D., Great Neck, NY
Herbert D. Brosbe, M.D., El Cerrito, CA
Robert Bross, MD, Mount Laurel, NJ
Arlin E. Brown, M.D., Portland, OR
David L. Brown, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
John L. Brown, M.D., Missoula, MT
Lucy J. Brown, M.D., Providence, RI
Marcia F. Brown, M.D., Galion, OH
Nancy Brown, M.D., Chicago, IL
Paul B. Brown, M.D., Ph.D., Seattle, WA
Sheron Brown, M.D., Naperville, IL
Kenneth Brummel-Smith, M.D., Tallahassee, FL
Richard Bruno, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Vivian L. Bruzzese, M.D., Richmond, VA
Daniel Bryant, M.D., Cape Elizabeth, ME
Gary Bubly, M.D., FACEP, Providence, RI
Susan Buchanan, MD, Oak Park, IL
Dianne Budd, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Joan Budd, M.D., Pleasantville, NY
William Buffie, MD, Indianapolis, IN
L. Maximilian Buja, MD, Houston, TX
Joel Bumol, MD, Oceanside, NY
Joann Buonomano, M.D., Somersworth, NH
Carl S. Burak, M.D., JD, Jacksonville Beach, FL
Melissa W. Burch, M.D., Orono, ME
James F. Burdick, M.D., St. Michaels, MD
Andrew Burgdorf, MD, Buffalo, MN
Timothy L. Burke, M.D., Superior, WI
Kevin Burns, MD, Baltimore, MD
Winthrop A. Burr, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Karen Burt-Imira, MD, Oakland, CA
Roger W. Bush, M.D., Billings, MT
Kirsten Roberts-Butelman, M.D., New York, NY
Adrienne Butler, M.D., Chicago, IL
Eric Butler, M.D., Menlo Park, CA
Gloria L. Butler, M.D., Hixson, TN
Raphaelle Butler, MD, Albany, CA
Peter Byers, MD, Seattle, WA
T. Edward Bynum, M.D., Wayland, MA
Margaret A. Byrne, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Virginia E. Byrnes, M.D., Hingham, MA
Jaehyun Byun, M.D., Ventura, CA
James Cabeen, D.O., Denver, CO
Blake Cady, M.D., Brookline, MA
Laird Cagan, M.D., Longmont, CO
Arthur Cain, MD, North Hampton, NH
Jeffrey J. Cain, M.D., Denver, CO
Rob Caldwell, M.D., New York, NY
Alan Calhoun, MD, Northampton, MA
Mary F. Callahen, M.D., Port Matilda, PA
Robert D. Callahan, M.D., Virginia Beach, VA
Douglas Campbell, MD, White Salmon, WA
Jennifer H. Campbell, M.D., San Diego, CA
Marc L. Campbell, D.O., Ph.D., Binghamton, NY
Susan Canning, MD, Washington, DC
Philip Caper, M.D., Portland, ME
Louis R. Caplan, M.D., Boston, MA
Robert Caplan, M.D., Denver, CO
Linnea Capps, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Peter Cardiello, M.D., MPH, East Orange, NJ
Carlos Cardoso, M.D., Killingworth, CT
Anna Carey, M.D., Burlington, VT
Kelsey Carignan, MD, Roseville, MN
Martha Carlough, MD, Chapel Hill, NC
Kenneth Carlson, M.D., Salem, OR
Michael Carome, M.D., FACP, Annandale, VA
James B. Carpenter, M.D., MPH, Martinez, CA
Sarah Carter, M.D., Germantown, TN
Laird Caruthers, MD, San Francisco, CA
Danielle Casher, M.D., MSHQ, Wyndmoor, PA
Joel Cassingham, M.D., Hibbing, MN
Tina Castanares, M.D., Hood River, OR
Jean Cavendish, M.D., Tenino, WA
Winston Cavert, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Martin Cearras, MD, Cedar Rapids, IA
Janice J. Cederstrom, M.D., Swarthmore, PA
Jordan Centers, MSN, Lemont, IL
Ana Cerna-Helfer, M.D., Huntington Station, NY
Mark Chaffin, M.Div, Latham, NY
M. Lee Chambliss, M.D., Greensboro, NC
Chung-Wei Chan, M.D., San Jose, CA
Phillip Chan, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Jaysi Chander, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Aileen Chang, MD, Washington, DC
Jennifer Chang, MD, Baltimore, MD
Norman Chapman, M.D., Deerfield, IL
Margaret Chappen, M.D., New Berlin, PA
Gerald Charles, M.D., Foster City, CA
Evan Charney, M.D., East Falmouth, MA
Richard Charney, M.D., New York, NY
Mary Ann Chase, M.D., Phippsburg, ME
Rachel Chastanet, MD, Chesapeake, VA
Robert Chastanet, MD, Chesapeake, VA
Claudia Chaufan, M.D., Ph.D., San Francisco, CA
Barry M. Chauser, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Alberto Chavira, MD, San Marcos, CA
Art Chen, M.D., Oakland, CA
Michael Chen, MD, Portland, OR
George Cheng, MD, PhD, Boston, MA
Anna Chernyak, MD, Union, NJ
Richard D. Chessick, M.D., Ph.D., Evanston, IL
Sherwood M. Chetlin, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Patricia D. Chico, MD, Chicago, IL
Nicholas Chiotelis, M.D., Long Island City, NY
Thomas P. Chisholm, M.D., Chippewa Falls, WI
Emmy Lou Cholak, MD, Traverse City, MI
David Christani, MD, Boston, MA
Margaret Christensen, M.D., Dallas, TX
Richard C. Christensen, M.D., MA, Jacksonville Beach, FL
Gary Christenson, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
David Christiansen, M.D., Mechanicsville, PA
Elinor Christiansen, M.D., Aurora, CO
Eric D. Christoff, M.D., Chicago, IL
Andrea Christopher, MD, Boston, MA
Kwan Chun, M.D., Lafayette, CA
Ernest Ciambarella, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
John Cianca, M.D., Houston, TX
Miguel A. Cima, M.D., Garden City, NY
David A. Cimino, M.D., St. Petersburg, FL
Patrick Cimino, MD, Tampa, FL
Thomas Clafton, M.D., Northville, MI
Thomas Clairmont Jr., M.D., Portsmouth, NH
Terry L. Clarbour, M.D., Oak Park, IL
Elizabeth M. Clark, M.D., New York, NY
Ina Clark, MD, Indianapolis, IN
Peter Clark, M.D., Groton, NY
Robert Clark, M.D., MBA, Crystal River, FL
Terrence P. Clark, M.D., Candler, NC
William Clark, M.D., Woolwich, ME
Daniel B. Clarke, M.D., Gorham, NH
Karen Clary, MD, Rochester, NY
Steven W. Clay, D.O., Athens, OH
Norman A. Clemens, M.D., Cleveland Heights, OH
David Clement, M.D., Winthrop, WA
James A. Clever, M.D., Portola Valley, CA
Linda H. Clever, M.D., Mill Valley, CA
Gail Clinton, MD, Cape Elizabeth, ME
Marianne Clinton, M.D., Portland, OR
Ashley Cobb, MD, MPH, Ann Arbor, MI
Pamela Cobb, M.D., Columbus, OH
Steven L. Cochran, M.D., Akron, OH
Edwin Coffman, M.D., Forth Smith, AR
William Cogburn, M.D., Venice, FL
Mardge Cohen, M.D., Jamaica Plain, MA
Mark M. Cohen, M.D., Moraga, CA
Murry Cohen, M.D., Annandale, VA
Neil Cohn, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Andreas Cohrssen, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Ann Colbert, M.D., Morehead, KY
Peter Cole, MD, Montclair, NJ
Alan J. Coleman, M.D., Hillsborough, CA
Mary Coleman, M.D., Upper Grandview, NY
Lucia D. Colizoli, M.D., Shaker Heights, OH
Calvin J. Collins, MD, FACS, Salem, OR
Elizabeth Collins, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Lois B. Collins, MD, MSN, Phoenix, AZ
Michael D. Colman, MD, Bloomfield Hills, MI
Nikki Colodny, M.D., New York, NY
Isidoro H. Colodro, M.D., Lynwood, CA
Gordon F. Comstock, M.D., Arcode, NY
Roger Condit, MD, Farmington, ME
James Connell, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Nancy Connolly, M.D., Seattle, WA
Luz Contreras Arroyo, MD, Sacramento, CA
Paul Cook, MD, Greenville, NC
Gary J. Coomber, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Cornelius Cooper, MD, New York, NY
Donna R. Cooper, M.D., Provincetown, MA
Herbert K. Cooper III, M.D., Lancaster, PA
Jane Hawley Cooper, M.D., Rochester, MN
Margaret Copi, M.D., Oakland, CA
Nathan Copple, M.D., Arcata, CA
Lawrence Corbett, D.O., Loudonville, NY
John W. Cornwall, M.D., New York, NY
Javiera Cortes, Lynnwood, WA
Howard A. Corwin, MD, Naples, FL
Ellen Cosgrove, M.D., Las Vegas, NV
Gerard Coste, M.D., Lexington, MA
Anthony J. Costello, M.D., Jefferson, MA
Brad Cotton, M.D., FACEP, Circleville, OH
Anne C. Courtright, M.D., Pueblo, CO
William Couser, MD, Woodinville, WA
Joe Covington, M.D., Meridian, MS
David E. Cowall, M.D., Nanticoke, MD
David Cowie, M.D., Columbia, MD
Nancy Coyne, MD, Sonoita, AZ
Leland D. Crandall, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Margaret Craven Snowden, M.D., FACOG, Voorheesville, NY
Michelle Crespo, MD, Downey, CA
Michael H. Criqui, MD, MPH, Del Mar, CA
Robert V. Crist, M.D., Bend, OR
Jessica Cristallo, MD, New York, NY
Benjamin Crocker, M.D., Portland, ME
Max Crocker, MD, Lexington, KY
John Crosson, M.D., Plymouth, MN
Michael Crouch, MD, MSPH, Sugar Land, TX
Elizabeth Crowley, M.D., Marmora, NJ
James Crowley, M.D., Riverside, RI
Loren A. Crown, M.D., Covington, TN
Nancy S. Crumpacker, M.D., Portland, OR
Lourdes Forlales Cruz, M.D., Buffalo, NY
Mark Cucuzzella, M.D., Shepherdstown, WV
William A. Cumming, M.D., Gainesville, FL
Larry Cummins, M.D., Shelby, NC
Janet Cunningham, M.D., MPH, MBA, Arcadia, CA
Leslie D. Cunningham, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Peter P. Cupple, M.D., Scranton, PA
Mary E. Curiel, M.D., Seattle, WA
John G. Curington, M.D., New York, NY
Chris Curry, MD, PhD, Miami, FL
Raymond H. Curry, MD, FACP, Chicago, IL
Peter Curtis, M.D., Seattle, WA
Matthew Curzon, MD, Knoxville, TN
Dorothy Cuylear, Pharm.D, Albuquerque, NM
Kevin Cwayna, M.D., Long Beach, CA
George Czertko, M.D., Warren, MI
Linda B. Dacey, M.D., Hanover, NH
Anthony M. D’Agostino, M.D., Hoffman Estates, IL
Adnan S. Dajani, M.D., Grosse Pointe Park, MI
James E. Dalen, M.D., MPH, Tucson, AZ
John P. Daley, M.D., Londonderry, NH
James T. Dalton, M.D., Cooperstown, NY
Susan Daly, MD, Chaplin, CT
Mary A. Dame, M.D., Medford, MA
Swathi Damodaran, MD, MPH, Somerville, MA
Richard A. Damon, M.D., Bozeman, MT
Edmee Danan, M.D., Sebastopol, CA
Steve Daniels, M.D., Santa Barbara, CA
Khalilah Dann, MD, Bethel Park, PA
Patric J. Darby, MD, MS, Tacoma, WA
Judith A. Dasovich, MD, FACP, Springfield, MO
Colin Dauria, M.D., Ithaca, NY
Paul Davenport, MD, Jacksonville, TX
Ronald David, M.D., M.Div, Los Angeles, CA
Simeon David, M.D., New York, NY
Ben Davidson, MD, Grand Rapids, MI
Carolyn Davidson, MD, Barrington, RI
Leah Davidson, M.D., New York, NY
Mayer B. Davidson, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
William R. Davidson, Jr., M.D., Jonestown, PA
Andrew M. Davis, M.D., MPH, Chicago, IL
Harry E. Davis, MD, MACP, El Paso, TX
Jack B. Davis, M.D., Burlington, NC
John Davis, MD, Saint Paul, MN
Lara Davis, MD, Portland, OR
Matthew D. Davis, M.D., Madison, WI
Matthew G. Davis, M.D., Rochester, NY
Sallie Davis, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Susan S. Davis, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Thomas H. Davis, MD, Norwich, VT
Timothy Davis, M.D., Norwood, MA
Timothy Davis, MD, Chattanooga, TN
William E. Davis, M.D., MS, Winona, MN
Inge De Becker, MD, St. Paul, MN
Gustavo de la Roza, M.D., Syracuse, NY
Mary L. De Luca, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Raul de Velasco, M.D., Miami, FL
David Dean, MD, Amherst, NY
Daralynn Deardorff, DO, Fort Worth, TX
Stewart Decker, MD, Klamath Falls, OR
Andrew Deckert, M.D., Redding, CA
Diana R. DeCosimo, M.D., New Paltz, NY
Manuel Dee, MD, Cape Canaveral, FL
Caroline Deegan, M.D., Cave Creek, AZ
George E. Deering III, M.D., FACEP, Pittsfield, MA
David DeGrand, M.D., Grafton, MA
Katharine Deiss, MD, Rochester, NY
Catherine E. DeLeeuw, M.D., Holland, MI
Douglas M. DeLong, M.D., FACP, Cherry Valley, NY
Roger Delwiche, MD, Santa Rosa, CA
Quentin Deming, M.D., Hanover, NH
Elizabeth A. DeNiro, M.D., Mead, WA
George C. Denniston, M.D., MPH, Nordland, WA
Joanne DePhillips, M.D., MPH, Kensington, CA
James DePiore, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Don P. Deprez, M.D., Worcester, MA
David Derauf, M.D., MPH, Honolulu, HI
Paul Desan, M.D., Ph.D., Port Jefferson, NY
Andrea DeSantis, D.O., Charlotte, NC
Norman A. Desbiens, M.D., Soddy Daisy, TN
Stephanie Roemer Develle, M.D., Kirkland, WA
Jonathon G. Dewald, M.D., FACP, Wilson, NC
David Dexter, M.D., Anchorage, AK
Angela I. Dhruvan, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
John M. Diamond, M.D., Greenville, NC
Peter Diamond, MD, Hartford, CT
Behfar Dianati, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Sam Dickman, MD, San Francisco, CA
Russell E. Dieter, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Andrew Dilla, MD, Pittsburgh, PA
Winthrop C. Dillaway, M.D., Morristown, NJ
Richard C. Dillihunt, M.D., Portland, ME
C. Wesley Dingman II, M.D., North Creek, NY
Thomas F. Dixon, M.D., Isla Vista, CA
William T. Dobbins, M.D., FAAP, Knoxville, TN
Rev. George Doebler, Knoxville, TN
Bruce Doenecke, M.D., Golden, CO
Alex Doerffler, M.D., Fort Lauderdale, FL
J. Lawrence Dohan, MD, Hudson, MA
Paul Doherty, MD, Washington, DC
Leigh Dolin, M.D., Portland, OR
Christine Donahue, M.D., Southborough, MA
Daniel G. Donahue, MD, Southborough, MA
Paul Donaldson, M.D., Helena, MT
Susan R. Donaldson, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Harley Daniel Donnelly, M.D., Williston, VT
Martin T. Donohoe, M.D., FACP, Lake Oswego, OR
Betty Donskoy, MD, Reston, VA
Elizabeth Doty, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Emily Doucette, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Kim Dougan, M.D., Bainbridge Island, WA
Elijah Douglass, MD, Barrington, RI
Beth Dowell, MD, Oak Park, IL
Daniel Doyle, M.D., Oak Hill, WV
Jane M. Doyle, M.D., Woodstock, CT
Carey Dozier, M.D., Chattanooga, TN
David E. Drake, D.O., Des Moines, IA
Ray Drasga, MD, Chicago, IL
Robert Dreyfus, M.D., Swarthmore, PA
Thomas M. Duffy, M.D., Northbrook, IL
Thomas P. Duffy, MD, New Haven, CT
Henry Duke, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Megan Dunay, MD, MPH, Boise, ID
Donald Duncan, MD, Texarkana, AR
Parker A. Duncan, MD, MPH, Santa Rosa, CA
G. Richard Dundas, M.D., Bennington, VT
Jose M. Duran, M.D., Ph.D., Corpus Christi, TX
Francis J. Durgin, M.D., Syracuse, NY
David Duval, M.D., Navarre, FL
David Dvorak, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Rochelle Dworet, MD, Denver, CO
George Dyck, M.D., North Newton, KS
Karin Dydell, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Toby Dyner, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Jerry M. Earll, M.D., Washington, DC
Robin Eastman-Abaya, M.D., Binghamton, NY
Joan Easton, M.D., Great Neck, NY
Valerie Ebel, MD, Santa Rosa, CA
Christine Ebert-Santos, M.D., Frisco, CO
Mark Eckman, MD, Duluth, MN
Wendy Edds, M.D., Durham, NC
Robert Edger, M.D., Chicago, IL
Albert Edmonds, MD, Mercer Island, WA
Frank J. Edwards, M.D., Sodus, NY
Catherine J. Egan, M.D., Fort Collins, CO
John Egar, M.D., Florence, OR
James E. Eichel, M.D., Alameda, CA
Burr Eichelman, M.D., Ph.D., Middleton, WI
Joseph Eichenseher, M.D., Madison, WI
Lawrence H. Einhorn, MD, Indianapolis, IN
Douglas Einstadter, M.D., MPH, Rocky River, OH
Stephen A. Eipper, M.D., FACEP, Deerfield, MA
David Eisenberg, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Mark P. Eisenberg, M.D., Charlestown, MA
Julia A. Elcock-Vengen, MD, Media, PA
Julian Eligator, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Kathryn Ellerbeck, M.D., Kansas City, MO
Richard S. Emery, MBA, Portland, OR
Susan Emmerson, M.D., Bloomington, IL
Carl Englebardt, M.D., Schenectady, NY
Todd Engstrom, M.D., Santa Ynez, CA
John Epling, M.D., Shreveport, LA
Susan Epstein, M.D., Fort Harrison, MT
Daniel Erickson, M.D., Rice Lake, WI
Emily Erickson, MD, Pawtucket, RI
Frank Erickson, M.D., Pendleton, OR
Jay Erickson, MD, Whitefish, MT
Laura Erickson-Schroth, MD, New York, NY
Peter Esch, MD, Louisville, KY
Thomas B. Eschen, MD, MPH, PhD, Boise, ID
James Eusebio, M.D., Davis, CA
Joseph H. Eusterman, M.D., MSMed, FACOEM, Wilsonville, OR
Amy Evans, MD, Sewanee, TN
Charles E. Evans, M.D., Ukiah, CA
Kathy Faber-Langendoen, M.D., Syracuse, NY
Krista Farey, M.D., San Francisco, CA
John W. Farquhar, M.D., Stanford, CA
Alice Faryna, M.D., Columbus, OH
Joshua Faucher, MD, JD, Columbus, OH
Bernadine C. Faw, M.D., Frederick, MD
Raymond Feierabend, M.D., Bristol, TN
David M. Feiman, M.D., New York, NY
Michael A. Feinberg, M.D., Middlebury, CT
Deborah Feiner, MD, Brooklyn, NY
Roger Felix, MD, Albuquerque, NM
Felicia Ferguson, M.D., Portland, OR
Bert Fernandez, M.D., Shutesbury, MA
Harvey Fernbach, M.D., MPH, Bethesda, MD
Robert W. Ferrell, M.D., MS, Wellesley, MA
John Ferris, MD, Amherst, MA
Dominic Ferro, M.D., Nanuet, NY
Sarah J. Fessler, M.D., Riverside, RI
Nicholas Fiebach, M.D., New York, NY
James Fieseher, M.D., Dover, NH
Carl W. Fieser, M.D., Dodge City, KS
Thomas W. Filardo, MD, Evendale, OH
Christopher M. Filley, M.D., Denver, CO
Denise Finck-Rothman, M.D., Charlotte, NC
Daniel Fine, M.D., New Kensington, PA
Doris Fine, MD, New York, NY
Claudia Finkelstein, MDCM, Seattle, WA
Joan Finkelstein, M.D., Newton, MA
Reid Finlayson, M.D., Nashville, TN
Michael Finlon, MD, Concord, NC
A. James Fisher, DPM, Eureka, CA
Barry Fisher, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Erik W. Fisher, M.D., Eugene, OR
June M. Fisher, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Willa A. Fisher, M.D., Bainbridge Island, WA
Edward Fishman, D.O., Las Vegas, NV
James K. Fisk, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Robert A. Fithian, M.D., Normandy Park, WA
Maureen A. Flannery, M.D., MPH, Northampton, MA
Mary Flavan, M.D., Morro Bay, CA
James W Flax, M.D., Pomona, NY
Joan Flender, M.D., Dansville, NY
Deborah Fletcher, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Janna Flint, M.D., Lafayette, LA
Lauren O. Florence, M.D., Salt Lake City, UT
Margaret Flowers, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Kathryn Fogarty, MD, Pasadena, CA
William Fogarty, MD, Webster Groves, MO
Seth Foldy, MD, MPH, FAAFP, Milwaukee, WI
Stephen Follansbee, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Mary Nell Ford, MD, Memphis, TN
Lachlan Forrow, M.D., Newton, MA
Dwight N. Fortier, M.D., Annapolis, MD
Auguste H. Fortin, M.D., MPH, New Haven, CT
Stanley A. Forwand, M.D., Sarasota, FL
Charles Foster, M.D., Yakima, WA
Charissa Fotinos, MD, MSc, Seattle, WA
Martha Fountain, MD, Exeter, NH
Curtis W. Fowler, M.D., Shorewood, WI
Aaron Fox, M.D., Bronx, NY
David A. Fox, M.D., Fresno, CA
Elaine Fox, M.D., MPH, FACP, Southampton, NY
Jennifer Frank, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Judith Frank, M.D., New York, NY
Julia Frank, M.D., Silver Spring, MD
Laura E. Franseen, M.D., Traverse City, MI
John A. Frantz, MD, Madison, WI
Agnes Franz, M.D., Fairmont, WV
Elizabeth S. Freedman, M.D., West Hartford, CT
Josh Freeman, M.D., Kansas City, KS
William A. Freeman, M.D., Shippensburg, PA
Ralph Freidin, M.D., Boston, MA
Audrey French, M.D., Evanston, IL
Barbara Freshley, M.D., Alliance, OH
Donald R. Frey, M.D., Omaha, NE
John Freymann, M.D., Providence, RI
Alexander Friedman, DO, Moreno Valley, CA
Lynn Friedman, M.D., Portland, OR
Paul J. Friedman, M.D., San Diego, CA
Rochelle Friedman, M.D., West Newton, MA
Elizabeth E. Frost, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Philip H. Frost, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Paul G. Fuller, M.D., Syracuse, NY
Louis Fulton, M.D., Boscobel, WI
Robert Funke, M.D., Kingsport, TN
Laurence Fuortes, M.D., Iowa City, IA
Paula B. Fuqua, M.D., Cranston, RI
Nancy Furey, MD, Hinsdale, IL
Alvin S. Fuse, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Janice Gable, M.D., Westville, NJ
James F. Gaden, D.O., Hilton, NY
Mary Gainer, M.D., Chicago, IL
Robert Galasso, M.D., Gresham, OR
Seth Gale, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Margaret M. Gallaher, M.D., MPH, Santa Fe, NM
Walter J. Gamble, M.D., Lexington, MA
Laurel Gamm, M.D., Saint Paul, MN
Peter H. Gann, M.D., Evanston, IL
James R. Garb, M.D., Yarmouth Port, MA
Luis Garcia Nique, M.D., M.P.H., Anaheim, CA
Chris Garcia, MD, Edinburg, TX
Rodney Garcia, M.D., Mountainair, NM
Timothy Gardner, M.D., Spoksne, WA
James Garfield, M.D., Palm Beach Gardens, FL
John T. Garland, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Royal Garner, M.D., St. Pete Beach, FL
Lawrence Gartner, M.D., Valley Center, CA
Charles A. Garvey, M.D., Wausau, WI
Arnold Gass, M.D., San Diego, CA
Maria C. Gaticales, M.D., Greenland, NH
Thomas F. Gavagan, M.D., MPH, Chicago, IL
John Gay, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Shannon Gearhart, MD, MPH, Brooklyn, NY
Meghan Geary, MD, Providence, RI
Jeff Gee, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Louis Geeraerts, M.D., Fargo, ND
Deborah Geismar, M.D., Evanston, IL
Kyle Geissler, M.D., Chicago, IL
Richard S. Gelber, M.D., Cary, NC
Mark Geliebter, M.D., Kensington, CA
Jeffrey Geller, M.D., MPH, Holden, MA
Max Geller, M.D., Brookline, MA
Susan K. Gelletly, M.D., Boise, ID
Ivan B. Gendzel, M.D., Cupertino, CA
Myron Genel, M.D., Woodbridge, CT
Russell J. Geoffrey, MD, MS, Princeton, NJ
Chloeanne Georgia, MD, Milton, MA
John J. Geren, M.D., Leesburg, FL
Joseph Gergyes, M.D., Cotuit, MA
Michael J. Germain, M.D., Springfield, MA
Martha Gerrity, M.D., Portland, OR
Gerald Gershten, M.D., Broomfield, CO
Roger K. Gerstle, M.D., Traverse City, MI
Charles Gessert, M.D., MPH, Duluth, MN
Lawrence Gettleman, DMD, Louisville, KY
John P. Geyman, M.D., Friday Harbor, WA
Tejinder Ghuman, M.D., Yuba City, CA
L. Paul Gianutsos, MD, MPH, Seattle, WA
Matthew Gibson, MD, Sacramento, CA
Donald L. Gilbert, M.D., MS, Cincinnati, OH
David Gill, M.D., Bloomington, IL
Martha W. Gilpatrick, M.D., Concord, MA
Benjamin Gilson, MD, Hanover, NH
David Gimlett, MD, Steilacoom, WA
Perri Ginder, MD, Overland Park, KS
Elizabeth M. Gingerich, M.D., Medford, MA
James Gingerich, M.D., Goshen, IN
Pierre Gingerich-Boberg, MD, Saint Paul, MN
Richard Gingery, M.D., Ridgway, CO
Brian Gipstein, M.D., Spokane, WA
Leslie Hartley Gise, M.D., Kula, HI
Melanie Gissen, M.D., New York, NY
Gary Gladstone, MD, PhD, Hatfield, PA
Sam M. Glasgow III, M.D., Cookeville, TN
Jaga Nath Glassman, M.D., La Jolla, CA
Beth Gleghorn, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Myron L. Glick, M.D., Buffalo, NY
Destiny Gmelch, MD, Eugene, OR
Thomas C. Gochenour, Pharm.D., Riverside, IL
Linda Gochfeld, M.D., Princeton, NJ
Bruce I. Goderez, M.D., Hadley, MA
Marvin J. Godner, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Christopher Goeser, D.C., M.D., Salem, OR
Lara Goitein, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Barbara Gold, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Jay Gold, M.D., Madison, WI
Jonathan Gold, M.D., Ossining, NY
Marthe Gold, M.D., MPH, New York, NY
Warren M. Gold, M.D., Mill Valley, CA
David Goldberg, M.D., Chinle, AZ
Jared Goldberg, MD, West Bloomfield, MI
Marshall F. Goldberg, M.D., MPH, Oak Harbor, WA
Scott Goldberg, MD, San Francisco, CA
Edward Goldberger, M.D., Maumee, OH
Joshua S. Golden, M.D., Pacific Palisades, CA
Michael Golden, M.D., Bellevue, WA
Richard Goldfarb, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Lewis Goldfrank, M.D., New York, NY
Robert Goldhamer, M.D., Denver, CO
Charles R. Goldman, M.D., Columbia, SC
Eileen Goldman, M.D., Akron, OH
Herbert Goldman, M.D., San Juan, PR
Richard Goldner, M.D., Birch Run, MI
Erika Goldstein, MD, MPH, MA, Seattle, WA
Herbert Gomberg, M.D., Dallas, TX
Richard E. Gomberg, M.D., Wellesley Hills, MA
Julian Gonzalez, M.D., MPH, St. Maries, ID
Linda Good, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
John J. Goodill, M.D., Wilmington, DE
James S. Goodman, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Charles Goodner, M.D., Lopez Island, WA
Iresha Goonesinghe, M.D., Ridgecrest, CA
Ishwar H. Gopichand, M.D., FAAP, Jacksonville, NC
John W. Goppelt, M.D., Haverford, PA
Andrea Gordon, M.D., Melrose, MA
Bradley Gordon, M.D., Paradise Valley, AZ
Donal Kevin Gordon, M.D., Solon, IA
Edward Gordon, MD, North Salem, NY
Jeoffry B. Gordon, M.D., MPH, San Diego, CA
Laura Gordon, M.D., Pendleton, OR
Paul Gordon, M.D., MPH, Tucson, AZ
Philippa Gordon, MD, Brooklyn, NY
Rebecca Gordon, M.D., Eugene, OR
Paul Gorman, M.D., FACP, Portland, OR
Roderic Gorney, MD, PhD, Los Angeles, CA
Victoria Gorski, M.D., Bronx, NY
Gregg Gorton, M.D., Narbeth, PA
Erin Goss, MD, New York, NY
Eleanor Gottesman, M.D., Cleveland, OH
Eugene Gottfried, M.D., Orinda, CA
Ruth Gottlieb, M.D., Haverford, PA
Thomas Gottlieb, M.D., Arvada, CO
Lucy Grey Gould, M.D., Chico, CA
Robert Gould, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Madhav Goyal, M.D., MPH, Vacaville, CA
Raymond F. Graap, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Edmund Grab, MD, Hollidaysburg, PA
Michael Grady, M.D., Silverton, OR
Jeremy D. Graham, DO, MA, FACP, Spokane, WA
Charles Granatir, M.D., Kearny, NJ
Jeffrey Granett, MD, Rosemont, PA
Arthur C. Grant, M.D., Ph.D., Chappaqua, NY
Brenda Grant, M.D., Aberdeen, WA
J. Gary Grant, M.D., Pacific Grove, CA
Jeanolivia Grant, MD, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands,
David Gray, M.D., Charlotte, NC
Roberta Gray, M.D., Asheville, NC
Scharazard Gray, MD, Menoken, ND
Daniel A. Graybill, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Donald Green, M.D., MPH, Reading, MA
Howard A. Green, M.D., FACP, FAAD, West Palm Beach, FL
Jan Calvert Green, MD, Tucson, AZ
Sean Green, M.D., Portland, OR
Michael Green, MD, Winterport, ME
Rebecca Green, MD, PhD, Springfield, IL
Miggie Greenberg, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
Robert E. Greenberg, M.D., Corrales, NM
Dennis Greene, MD, San Diego, CA
William R. Greene, M.D., Portland, OR
Lawrence Greenman, M.D., Stony Point, NY
Gregg Greenough, M.D., MPH, Cambridge, MA
Daniel M. Greenwald, M.D., DLFAPA, Highland Park, NJ
Gaylinn Greenwood, M.D., Honeoye Falls, NY
Nancy Greep, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Jutta Greweldinger, M.D., Demarest, NJ
E. Wilson Griffin III, M.D., Jonesville, NC
Michael Griffin, MD, San Mateo, CA
Frances Griffiths, M.D., Raleigh, NC
Kathleen T. Grimm, MD, Buffalo, NY
Karen E. Grimmell, M.D., Guilford, CT
Pamella S. Gronemeyer, MD, FCAP, Glen Carbon, IL
Adrian Gropper, M.D., Watertown, MA
William N. Grosch, M.D., Guilderland, NY
Paul M. Grossberg, M.D., Madison, WI
Elmer R. Grossman, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Joseph A. Grossman, M.D., Briarcliff Manor, NY
Seymour Grossman, MD, Berkeley, CA
Xin Guan, MD, Brooklyn, NY
Joseph Guenther, M.D., Shawano, WI
Rosemarie Guercia, M.D., Huntington, NY
John Gunn, M.D., Anacortes, WA
Michael Gureasko, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Steven A. Gustafson, DO, Hattiesburg, MS
Stan Gutelius, M.D., Auburn, NY
Scott Gutovitz, M.D., Portland, OR
Christopher Guyer, M.D., Huntington Woods, MI
Madeline Haas, MD, Boston, MA
Kevin Hachey, MD, Springfield, MA
Ahmad John Haddad, M.D., Red Bank, NJ
Diane Haddad, MD, Boston, MA
Susan E. Haddow, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Jon Hade, MD, Des Moines, IA
Elisabeth Haeger, MD, Amherst, NH
James N. Hagar, DMD, Florence, OR
Leila Hagshenas, M.D., Chicago, IL
Elizabeth Hakas, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Dexter H. Hake, M.D., Los Altos Hills, CA
John R. Halderman, M.D., Portland, OR
Wayne A. Hale, M.D., Greensboro, NC
Christopher L. Hall, M.D., Ogden, UT
James H. Hall, M.D., Wayne, ME
James W. Hall III, M.D., FACP, Central Point, OR
Thomas L. Hall, M.D., DrPH, San Francisco, CA
Lauro S. Halstead, M.D., Washington, DC
Paul F. Haluska, DPM, Brookhaven, PA
Edith Halvorson, M.D., South Orange, NJ
Michael Hamant, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Kenneth H. Hamilton, M.D., South Paris, ME
Lloyd A. Hamilton, M.D., Nyack, NY
Leon I. Hammer, M.D., Sarasota, FL
Carol Hammerbeck, M.D., Jeffersonville, IN
Carl Hammerschlag, M.D., Phoenix, AZ
Deborah S. Hammond, M.D., Tacoma, WA
Sue Hammond, M.D., North Syracuse, NY
Magni Hamso, MD, MPH, Boise, ID
Sung Hyon Han, DMD, Boston, MA
Hedda L. Haning, M.D., Charleston, WV
Kathleen Hanley, M.D., New York, NY
Robert C. Hansen, M.D., Redmond, WA
Rebecca A. Hanson, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Cynthia Haq, M.D., Madison, WI
Jimmy Hara, MD, Woodland Hills, CA
Keith F. Harcourt, M.D., Newberg, OR
Daniel D. Hardie, M.D., Marquette, MI
George Hardman, M.D., Sherborn, MA
Barbara M. Harley, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Peter C. Harrelson, M.D., Ophir, CO
M. Patricia Harris, M.D., Asbury, NJ
Michael Harris, MD, Raleigh, NC
Tammy C. Harris, M.D., MPH, Southborough, MA
William K. Harris, M.D., Portland, OR
Bruce Harrow, MD, MSPH, Eugene, OR
James F. Hart, M.D., MBA, Stillwater, MN
Gerda Hartl, M.D., Fort Lee, NJ
Barbara Hartley, MD, Benson, AZ
Alan I. Hartstein, M.D., Estero, FL
Eugenius John Harvey, MD, New York, NY
Raymond G. Harvey, M.D., Kingston, NY
Jerold R. Harwood, M.D., Traverse City, MI
Adnan Hasanovic, M.D., Long Island City, NY
Fern R. Hauck, M.D., MS, Earlysville, VA
Charles E. Hauser, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Sue Hauwiller, DMD, MS, Chula Vista, CA
Roland B. Hawkins, M.D., New Orleans, LA
George T. Hayes Jr., MD, Colusa, CA
Nicole Haynes, MD, Roopville, GA
Jane Heaton, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Mark W. Heffington, M.D., New Bern, NC
Hemant Hegde, M.D., Eau Claire, WI
Pamela Heggie, M.D., St. Paul, MN
Ruth M. Heifetz, M.D., MPH, La Jolla, CA
Leslye R. Heilig, M.D., Great Barrington, MA
Erica Heiman, MD, Sacramento, CA
Murray Heimberg, M.D., Ph.D., Memphis, TN
Sarah C. Heiner, MD, Henderson, NV
Thomas Heinz, M.D., MPH, Irvine, CA
Dale H. Heisinger, M.D., FAAP, Olga, WA
Shira Heisler, MD, Detroit, MI
Ira Helfand, M.D., Leeds, MA
Laura Helfman, M.D., Coalmont, TN
Chanel Helgason, M.D., Denver, CO
Ida Hellander, M.D., Oak Park, IL
Jerome P. Helman, M.D., Venice, CA
Scott Helmers, M.D., Spirit Lake, IA
Charles Helming, MD, Hansville, WA
Mark Henderson, M.D., Davis, CA
Susan Henderson, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Matthew Hendrickson, M.D., MPH, Santa Monica, CA
Erin Hendriks, M.D., Royal Oak, MI
Maureen Hendron, MD, Elk Grove Village, IL
Nancy J. Henly, M.D., Morehead, KY
Patricia Hennessy, M.D., Sandpoint, ID
George F. Henning, M.D., Hershey, PA
Christine V. Herbert, MD, PhD, Cranston, RI
Kathlen Herlihy, MD, Norway, ME
Judith L. Herman, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Howard T. Hermann, MD, FAPA, FACEP, Bedford, MA
Daniel Hernandez, Tyler, TX
Patrick H. Herndon, D.O., San Antonio, TX
Paul W. Herr, D.O., East Petersburg, PA
Melvin Hershkowitz, M.D., Northampton, MA
David S. Herszenson, M.D., New York, NY
William S. Herz, M.D., Bend, OR
Mark Hess, M.D., Troy, OH
Joseph W. Hess, M.D., East Lansing, MI
Stephen Hessl, M.D., MPH, Carbondale, CO
Dave Hibbard, M.D., Boulder, CO
Matt Hicks, DMD, Portland, OR
A. Ross Hill, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Nicholas Hilpipre, M.D., Swansea, IL
Ken Hilsbos, M.D., Fairmont, WV
Schuyler Hilts, M.D., FACP, FACNP, Tucson, AZ
Jennifer G. Hines, M.D., Brooklyn Park, MN
David Hinkle, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Jenny Hinson, M.D., Albermarle, NC
Frances Hinteregger, M.D., Hope Valley, RI
Bruce E. Hirsch, M.D., Port Washington, NY
Eugene Z. Hirsch, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Ronald Hirsch, M.D., FACP, Elgin, IL
Arielle Hirschfeld, MD, Chicago, IL
J.V. Hirschmann, M.D., Seattle, WA
Robert E. Hirschtick, M.D., Arlington Heights, IL
Richard F. Hobbs III, M.D., Waterville, ME
Chad Hochberg, MD, Baltimore, MD
Paul Hochfeld, M.D., Corvallis, OR
Karen Hochman, M.D., Decatur, GA
Christopher H. Hodgman, M.D., Rochester, NY
John D. Hodgson, M.D., FACP, Whiteville, NC
Aaron R. Hoffman, DO, MPH, Somerville, MA
Arthur Hoffman, M.D., MPH, Evanston, IL
Jerome Hoffman, M.D., Beverly Hills, CA
Joan Hoffman, MD, Oakland, CA
Steven A. Hokeness, M.D., Pascoag, RI
Kambria Beck Holder, MD, Santa Rosa, CA
Halsted Holman, M.D., FACP, Stanford, CA
Tim Holmberg, MD, Bend, OR
Deborah L. Holmes, M.D., P.A., Miami, FL
Grace D. Holmes, M.D., Norwich, NY
Terry Holmes, M.D., Chattanooga, TN
Tomas Holmlund, M.D., Williamsville, NY
Kenneth Holsten, MD, Port Orchard, WA
Stephen Holtsford, M.D., Saint Charles, IL
Stephen R. Holzman, M.D., Glastonbury, CT
David Holzsager, M.D., Yorktown, VA
Henry A. Homburger, MD, Rochester, MN
Howard Homler, M.D., Carmichael, CA
Cornelio Hong, M.D., Norwich, CT
L. Chad Hood, M.D., Gainsville, FL
Henry Hooker, MD, Knoxville, TN
Joyce Hooley, M.D., Sylva, NC
Richard S. Hopkins, M.D., MSPH, Tallahassee, FL
Robert W. Hopkins, M.D., Milton, MA
Susan Hoppe, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Robert Lynn Horne, M.D., Henderson, NV
Barbara Horner-Ibler, M.D., M.Div, MSW, Brookfield, WI
Matthew Horning, M.D., Ashland, WI
Robert Horowitz, M.D., Pelham, MA
Cindy Horton, M.D., White Salmon, WA
Alireza Hosseinnezhad, MD, Grafton, MA
William J Houghton, MD, Milwaukee, WI
Jean E. Howe, M.D., MPH, Cortez, CO
Alexander Hubbell, MD, MPH, Minneapolis, MN
Thomas P. Hubbell, MD, Delaware, OH
Amy Huberman, M.D., Pikesville, MD
Ralph F. Hudson, M.D., Altoona, WI
Terry Hudson, MD, Sandy Springs, FL
James Hudspeth, MD, Cambridge, MA
Pedro Huertas, M.D., Ph.D., Concord, MA
Sarah E. Huertas, M.D., MPH, San Juan, PR
Douglas Huestis, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Joseph Huffstutter, MD, Signal Mountain, TN
Dennis M. Hughes, M.D., Scottsdale, AZ
Tim Hughes, M.D., Belfast, ME
Tudor Hughes, M.D., FRCR, San Diego, CA
Franklin Hull, MD, Royal Oak, MI
Joseph Humphry, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Vincent R. Hunt, M.D., Hudson, WI
Michael Huntington, M.D., Corvallis, OR
April Hurley, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Edward Hurwitz, M.D., Northboro, MA
David A. Hutchinson, M.D., Duluth, MN
Harold Range Hutson, MD, Venice, CA
Carol D. Hyde, M.D., Yellow Springs, OH
Christopher Hyson, M.D., Lake Placid, NY
Ibrahim Ibrahim, MD, Houston, TX
Farhad Idjadi, MD, Sussex, NJ
Charles L. Ihlenfeld, M.D., Shelter Island Heights, NY
Joseph K. Indenbaum, M.D., San Dimas, CA
Peter A. Ingraldi, M.D., Pound Ridge, NY
Laura Ireland, MD, Seattle, WA
Kenji Irie, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
John F. Irwin, M.D., Catonsville, MD
Ellen S. Isaacs, M.D., New York, NY
Okechukwu Nneji Iwu, M.D., Duluth, MN
Jay M. Jackman, MD, JD, Stanford, CA
Eric Jackson, MD, Chicago, IL
Jeffrey Jackson, M.D., Sugar Land, TX
Roger Jackson, M.D., Nashville, TN
Christine Jacobs, M.D., St. Louis, MO
Jennifer Jacobs, MD, Tucson, AZ
Katherine M. Jacobs, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Laurence S. Jacobs, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Michael P. Jacobson, M.D., Oro Valley, AZ
Michael W. Jacobson, M.D., New York, NY
Jakob Jaggy, MD, Columbia, CA
Ron Jankowski, MD, Anoka, MN
Roy A. Jared, M.D., Denver, CO
Elizabeth Jatta, Federal Way, WA
Saif Jaweed, MD, West Chester, OH
Robert L. Jayes, M.D., Washington, DC
Chrystal Jenkins, MD, Rochester, NY
Dan Jenkins, MD, Sonoma, CA
Tom Jenkins, M.D., Cookeville, TN
Lawrence J. Jennings, M.D., Ph.D., Hinsdale, IL
Andrew Jensen, MD, Sioux Falls, SD
Roy A. Jensen, M.D., Kansas City, KS
Robert Jespersen, M.D., Chicago, IL
Vivian Jiang, MD, Rochester, NY
George Friedman-Jimenez, M.D., Teaneck, NJ
William Jimenez, M.D., New York, NY
Marie Johantgen, M.D., Lacey, WA
Byron L. John, M.D., Saint Cloud, MN
James Johnson, MD, St. Paul, MN
Judith Johnson, MD, Duluth, MN
Katie Johnson, MD, Rochester, MN
Kendra Johnson, MD, Oakland, CA
Leonard Johnson, M.D., La Jolla, CA
Michael P. Johnson, M.D., Providence, RI
Stephen M. Johnson, M.D., DTM&H, Portland, OR
Stephen P. Johnson, M.D., Fayetteville, AR
Wilbur Johnson, MD, Rock Falls, IL
Willard C. Johnson, M.D., Moultonborough, NH
William R.K. Johnson, M.D., Hampton, CT
Andrew C. Johnston, M.D., Salinas, CA
James Johnston, MD, Monroeville, PA
John G. Johnston, MD, MPH, Charlotte, NC
P. Scott Johnston, M.D., Windsor, CO
George Jolly, M.D., Middle Grove, NY
Camilla D. Jones, M.D., Holderness, NH
Douglas L. Jones, M.D., Lewisburg, WV
Jill Jones, M.D., Nashville, TN
Kohar Jones, MD, Chicago, IL
Martin L. Jones, M.D., Eugene, OR
Sydney R. Jones, M.D., Portland, ME
Thomas G. Jones, M.D., Farmington, CT
Aubrey Jordan, MD, Ventura, CA
Ayana M. Jordan, M.D., Ph.D., Bronx, NY
Liesbet Joris-Quinton, MD, FACP, SFHM, San Diego, CA
Kenneth E. Joslyn, M.D., MPH, Plymouth, MN
Ellen M. Joyce, M.D., Louisville, KY
Larry Junck, MD, Ann Arbor, MI
Luis Juncos, MD, Jackson, MS
Kenneth R. Jungblut, M.D., Teaneck, NJ
Ellen Kaczmarek, MD, Asheville, NC
Julian Kadish, M.D., Ph.D., Norton, MA
Henry J. Kahn, M.D., Oakland, CA
Henry S. Kahn, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Hyman R. Kahn, M.D., Blue Bell, PA
Joseph Kahn, M.D., Boston, MA
Susan Kaiser, MD, PhD, New York, NY
Robert W. Kalayjian, M.D., Long Beach, CA
Norton Kalishman, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Roland G. Kallen, M.D., Ph.D., Bala Cynwyd, PA
Jeff Kane, MD, Nevada City, CA
Kevin Kane, M.D., Augusta, ME
Evan Kanter, M.D., Seattle, WA
Elizabeth Kantor, M.D., FACP, San Francisco, CA
Richard Kapit, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Diane Kaplan, M.D., Mount Vernon, WA
Eric Kaplan, M.D., Lowell, MA
Jeffrey R. Kaplan, M.D., Ellicott City, MD
Jory Kaplan, MD, Redding, CA
Michael S. Kaplan, M.D., Lenox, MA
Louis Kapner, MD, Fairport, NY
Michael Kappelman, M.D., Vashon, WA
Gregory Karcnik, M.D., Princeton Junction, NJ
Richard Kark, M.D., Asheville, NC
Adam Kartman, M.D., Bellingham, WA
Thomas Kasten, M.D., Portland, OR
Barbara J. Katz, M.D., MPH, Jamaica Plain, MA
Barbara L. Katz, M.D., Allentown, PA
David A. Katz, M.D., Iowa City, IA
Franklin Katz, MD, Boston, MA
Marcia Katz, M.D., Chicago, IL
Richard Katzman, M.D., Waterbury, VT
Bert G. Katzung, M.D., Ph.D., San Rafael, CA
David Kaufman, M.D., Florence, MA
Alexander Kaysin, MD, Durham, NC
Sabiha Kazi, MD, Oviedo, FL
George E. Keeler III, M.D., Lopez Island, WA
David F. Keely, M.D., Rock Hill, SC
Lon Keith, MD, Lexington, KY
James F. Kellam, M.D., FACS, Houston, TX
Elinor Kelliher, M.D., West Springfield, MA
Kevin Kelly, M.D., Roseville, MN
Maureen Kelly, M.D., Rye, CO
William Kelso, M.D., Thomasville, GA
Sarah Kemble, M.D., MPH, Chester, VT
Stephen B. Kemble, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Mary Kemen, M.D., Cedar Rapids, IA
Irwin Kempler, M.D., Corona Del Mar, CA
Dana Kent, MD, Carmel, CA
Samuel Kent, M.D., Rochester, NY
Alan L. Kenwood, M.D., FACEP, Morristown, NJ
David G. Kern, M.D., Camden, ME
Martin Kesselman, MD, Scarsdale, NY
Howard Kessler, M.D., Crawfodville, FL
Herbert H. Keyser, M.D., San Antonio, TX
Tamer G. Khalil, M.D., Springfield, MO
Mukarram Khan, DO, West Chester, OH
Faheem Ahmed Khanzada, MBBS, MPH, Shahfaisal Town, Karachi, Pakistan,
Robert S. Kiefner, M.D., Concord, NH
Robert Kile, MD, Las Vegas, NV
Donna M. Kiley, M.D., Montpelier, VT
Stanley E. Kilty, M.D., Newburyport, MA
David S. Kim, MD, Carmel Valley, CA
Simeon Kimmel, MD, MA, Boston, MA
Joshua King, MD, Charlottesville, VA
Susanne King, MD, Lenox, MA
Margaret Kirkegaard, M.D., MPH, Downers Grove, IL
Martha Kirkpatrick, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Michael A. Kirsch, M.D., Sherman Oaks, CA
John H. Kissel, M.D., FACP, University City, MO
Carol Klein, M.D., Prescott, AZ
Deborah Klein, M.D., Seattle, WA
Karen Klein, M.D., Jamaica Plain, MA
Elizabeth Klenk, MD, Bellville, OH
William Klepack, M.D., Ithaca, NY
William Klepack, M.D., Ithaca, NY
Peter Kliewer, M.D., Tacoma, WA
Frank Kline, M.D., Ph.D., Rolling Hills Estates, CA
Thomas R. Kluzak, M.D., Idyllwild, CA
Anne Knott, M.D., Burlington, VT
Mark A. Knox, M.D., Hilo, HI
Walter M. Kobialka, M.D., Stamford, CT
Monika Koch, M.D., Kensington, CA
Ira J. Kodner, MD, St. Louis, MO
Mary F. Koehler, M.D., Seattle, WA
Thomas Koehler, M.D., Danville, IL
Sharad Kohli, MD, Austin, TX
Scott Kohtz, MD, Winterville, NC
Donald Kollisch, MD, Hanover, NH
David E. Kolva, M.D., Oswego, NY
Jeff Korff, MD, Northampton, MA
Donald S. Kornfeld, M.D., Tenafly, NJ
Diane Korsower, M.D., Arcata, CA
Michelle Kosmalski, MD, Rochester, NY
Amy Kossoff, M.D., Washington, DC
Katherine M. Kostal, MD, MS, Columbia, MO
Jonathan B. Kotch, M.D., MPH, FAAP, Durham, NC
Michael Kovar, M.D., Seattle, WA
Beatrice Kovasznay, M.D., Albany, NY
Richard Paul Kradel, MD, Eureka Springs, AR
David Kraft, M.D., MPH, Amherst, MA
Robert E. Kraftowitz, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Dawna J. Kramer, M.D., Bainbridge Island, WA
Anne Krantz, M.D., Chicago, IL
Mark S. Krasnoff, M.D., St. Louis, MO
George Krasowski, M.D., Gardner, MA
James Kratzer, M.D., MPH, Fresno, CA
Paul Kratzer, MD, PhD, Davis, CA
Richard Krebs, MD, Portland, OR
Stephen J. Krebs, M.D., Schlusser, PA
Jennifer Kreger, MD, Fort Bragg, CA
Mark A. Krehbiel, M.D., Salina, KS
George W. Kriebel, Jr., M.D., Florence, MA
James Krieger, M.D., MPH, Seattle, WA
Janani Krishnaswami, MD, Santa Monica, CA
Ross Kristal, MD, Bronx, NY
Kelly Krizan, M.D., Walla Walla, WA
Curtis J. Krock, M.D., Champaign, IL
Carol Krohm, M.D., MPH, Harvard, IL
Lawrence G. Krugman, M.D., Apple Valley, CA
Carol Krush, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Henry A. Kuharic, M.D., Seattle, WA
Calvin M. Kunin, M.D., Columbus, OH
David Kuo, M.D., Morris Plains, NJ
Elizabeth Kurczynski, M.D., Acton, MA
Janaki C. Kuruppu, M.D., Rockville, MD
Irving Kushner, M.D., Shaker Heights, OH
David Kuter, M.D., Madison, WI
Charles Kuttner, M.D., Portland, OR
Ahmed Kutty, M.D., Peterborough, NH
Pauline L. Kuyler, M.D., Flushing, NY
Bonnie Kwok, MD, Martinez, CA
Daniel Kyle, MD, Birmingham, AL
Julia Kyle, M.D., Eau Claire, WI
Paul M. Laband, M.D., Harrison, ME
Roger S. LaBonte, M.D., FACP, Memphis, TN
Tim Lachman, M.D., Wynnewood, PA
Burritt Lacy Jr., M.D., Manhattan, KS
Andreas Laddis, M.D., Shrewsbury, MA
John LaGourgue, M.D., Monarch Beach, CA
Christine Lajeunesse, MD, Reno, NV
Emmet Lamb, M.D., FACOG, Palm Desert, CA
Stanford Lamberg, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Joseph D. Lambert, M.D., FAAP, Nevada City, CA
Tim Lambert, D.O., Traverse City, MI
Katherine Lambes, MD, Dayton, OH
Lois Lambrecht, MD, Bloomington, IN
Edwin Lamm, M.D., Lakeland, FL
Edward Lammer, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Eric LaMotte, MD, Seattle, WA
Karen C. Lamp, M.D., Santa Monica, CA
Jillian Landeck, MD, Saint Paul, MN
J. Lindsey Lane, M.D., Aurora, CO
Timothy Lane, MD, Greensboro, NC
Peter Lang, MD, Boston, MA
Frederick Langheim, M.D., Ph.D., Madison, WI
Jim Langland, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Penny Langland, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Katherine Lapierre, MD, Cambridge, MA
David Larrabee, M.D., Charlton, MA
Joyce Lashof, M.D., Alameda, CA
Steve Lauer, MD, PhD, Kansas City, KS
Marius Laumans, M.D., Olympia, WA
Suzanne Laurel, D.O., Auburn, WA
Vanessa Lauzon, MD, San Diego, CA
Marc Lavietes, M.D., New York, NY
Gunn B. Lavoll, M.D., Chicago, IL
Robert S. Lawrence, M.D., Baltimore, MD
John Lawrow, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Phil Lawson, M.D., West Burke, VT
Harold Lazar, MD, LaBelle, FL
Nancy Lazarus, MD, MPH, Davis, CA
Chinh Le, M.D., Corvallis, OR
Hoang Le, M.D., Fullerton, CA
Maimon Leavitt, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Philip Lederer, MD, Boston, MA
David S. Lee, M.D., Mansfield, MA
Janice Lee, MD, Vancouver, WA
Jonathan Lee, M.D., Normal, MA
Sharon Lee, M.D., Kansas City, KS
Melissa Leedle, MD, Seattle, WA
Cavin P. Leeman, M.D., New York City, NY
Jill Legg, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Laura Lehmann, MD, Edina, MN
Sean Lehmann, DPM, Carson City, NV
David Lehnherr, M.D., Red Lodge, MT
Janet E. Lehr, M.D., Durham, NC
Lawrence G. Leichtman, M.D., FAAP, FACMG, Santa Fe, NM
Jason Leider, M.D., Ph.D., Bronx, NY
Helena Leiner, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Matthew Leinung, M.D., Albany, NY
Deanne Lembitz, M.D., Fort Collins, CO
James LeMesurier, M.D., Sebastopol, CA
Archana & Eduardo Leon-Guerrero, M.D., Ellicott City, MD
Eduardo Leon Guerrero, M.D., Ellicott City, MD
Shanti Leon Guerrero, MD, New York, NY
V. Ted Leon, M.D., MPH, Honolulu, HI
Vincent Leonti, M.D., Endicott, NY
Joanne Leovy, MD, Las Vegas, NV
Benjamin S. Lerman, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Jay Lerman, M.D., White Plains, NY
Robert G. Lerner, M.D., Eastchester, NY
Glenn Leslie, DO, Ramsey, NJ
Gerson T. Lesser, M.D., Bronx, NY
Eric Lessinger, M.D., Gloucester, MA
James Letts, M.D., Maplewood, MN
Susan Levenstein, M.D., Rome, Italy,
Edmund C. Levin, M.D., Richmond, CA
Mark D. Levin, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
Murray Levin, M.D., Highland Park, IL
Ralph Levin, M.D., San Mateo, CA
Robert M. Levin, M.D., MPH, Belmont, MA
Sara Kate Levin, M.D., Oakland, CA
Stuart Levin, M.D., Chicago, IL
Robert S. Levine, M.D., Grand Rapids, MI
Stephen N. Levine, M.D., Huntley, IL
Susan P. Levine, M.D., River Forest, IL
Judy Levison, M.D., MPH, Houston, TX
Andrew S. Levitas, M.D., Stratford, NJ
Nell K. Levy, M.D., Encino, CA
Richard A. Levy, MD, MBA, Chicago, IL
Richard Levy, MD, Santa Monica, CA
Laurence Lewin, M.D., Santa Ana, CA
Peter Lewis, MD, Hershey, PA
Richard J. Lewis, M.D., Goleta, CA
Richard M. Lewis, M.D., Austin, TX
Roberto Lewis-Fernández, M.D., Irvington, NY
Louis Libby, M.D., Portland, OR
Michael J. Lichtenstein, M.D., M.Sc., San Antonio, TX
Linda Haynes Lieb, St. Louis, MO
Tom Lieb, MD, St. Louis, MO
Arnold Lieber, M.D., New York, NY
E. James Lieberman, M.D., Potomac, MD
Mark Liebow, M.D., MPH, Rochester, MN
Nikolai Lieders, M.D., Middletown, CT
Julia Lin, M.D., Olympia, WA
Oscar R. Linares, M.D., Oak Park, IL
Ronald M. Lind, M.D., Saint Charles, IA
Christopher H. Linden, M.D., Shrewsbury, MA
Jonathan S. Lindgren, M.D., Portland, OR
Andrew Linsenmeyer, M.D., Jamaica Plain, MA
Howard Lippes, M.D., Williamville, NY
Anne Lippin, M.D., Saint Paul, MN
Larry Lipscomb, M.D., Salem, VA
Robert M. Lipscomb, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Joshua Lipsman, MD, JD, MPH, Brooklyn, NY
Glenn D. Littenberg, M.D., Pasadena, CA
Theresa P. Little, M.D., Dover, DE
William J. Little, M.D., Racine, WI
Alan Litwak, MD, Selah, WA
Gerald Litzky, M.D., Longboat Key, FL
Katherine S. Lobach, M.D., New Rochelle, NY
Patricia Locuratolo, M.D., York, ME
James Loehr, M.D., Ithaca, NY
Patrick J. Loehrer, MD, Indianapolis, IN
Kenneth D. Logan, M.D., Chico, CA
Colleen Bonpane Londono, MD, Gardena, CA
Edgar A. Lopez, M.D., FACS, Louisville, KY
Leo Lopez III, MD, Rio Grande City, TX
C. Vivian Lorenzo, M.D., Ithaca, NY
Panna Lossy, M.D., Cotati, CA
Keith J. Loud, M.D., Norwich, VT
Allison Louis, MD, Fort Worth, TX
Deborah C. Love, M.D., MS, Honolulu, HI
Jeffrey M. Lovitz, MD, Fairfield, ME
Edward Lowenstein, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Jose Lozano, M.D., Beaumont, TX
Richard G. Lucarelli, D.O., Spartanburg, SC
Diane Lucas, M.D., Ph.D., Portland, OR
Howard Lucas, M.D., Winter Haven, FL
Owen Lucas, M.D., Carmel, IN
Peter Lucas, MD, Ipswich, MA
Peter Lucas, M.D., Bainbridge Island, WA
Eleanor M. Luce, M.D., Oakland, CA
Daniel Lugassy, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Alston C. Lundgren, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Joseph S. Lunn, M.D., Evans, GA
Linda Luster, M.D., Seattle, WA
Robert Lustig, D.O., Bronx, NY
Calvin Lutrin, MD, Alamo, CA
Leonard Lyon, M.D., Hillsdale, NJ
Colleen C. Lyons, MD, Carson City, NV
Richard G. Lyons, M.D., Newton, MA
Charles Maas, MD, MPH, Sacramento, CA
Joan A. MacEachen, M.D., MPH, Durango, CO
Rob Roy MacGregor, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Stanley D. Machlin, M.D., LFAPA, LFSAP, Maywood, NJ
Richard E. Mackay, M.D., New York, NY
Margaret MacLeod, M.D., Zillah, WA
Marilyn Macvey, MD, Philadelphia, PA
Samuel W. Madeira, M.D., Yardley, PA
Bruce Madison, M.D., MPH, Denver, CO
Constance Magoulias, M.D., Cleveland, OH
John Mahony, MD, San Rafael, CA
Peter Mahr, M.D., Portland, OR
James Maier, M.D., Scarborough, ME
Sarah Maier, MD, Saint Paul, MN
Mario L. Maiese, D.O., FACC, FACOI, Ventnor City, NJ
Anna Maio, M.D., Omaha, NE
David J. Mair, M.D., Vadnais Heights, MN
Jed Maker, MD, Beulah, MI
Marianne Makman, M.D., New Rochelle, NY
Marvin K. Malek, M.D., MPH, Berlin, VT
Philip Malinas, M.D., Carson City, NV
Ana Malinow, MD, MS, Pittsburgh, PA
Morgan Mandigo, MD, Miami, FL
Myrl R.S. Manley, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
David Mann, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Michael Mann, M.D., Spring Branch, TX
Seth M. Manoach, New York, NY
Velandy Manohar, M.D., Haddam, CT
Luis Manriquez, MD, Sedro Woolley, WA
Theo C. Manschreck, M.D., MPH, S Dartmouth, MA
Karen L. March, MD, Eureka, CA
Oscar Marcilla, M.D., Hawthorne, NJ
Roger Marcus, M.D., Fallston, MD
David Mark, MD, Hardin, MT
Laurel B. Mark, M.D., Madison, WI
Roger Mark, M.D., Ph.D., Cambridge, MA
William H. Markle, M.D., Clairton, PA
Vince Markovchick, M.D., Golden, CO
John Markowitz, M.D., New York, NY
Steven P. Maron, M.D., Lafayette, CA
Michael A. Marrella, M.D., Waterford, CT
John C. Marsh, M.D., Williamsburg, VA
John Marshall, MD, Provo, UT
Kathryn J. Marshall, M.D., San Diego, CA
Abigail Martin, M.D., Wilmington, DE
Anthony E. Martin, M.D., Murfreesboro, TN
George M. Martin, M.D., Seattle, WA
Micheal D. Martin, M.D., Austin, TX
Michael S. Martinez, M.D., Richmond, CA
Grace E. Marx, MD, Denver, CO
Robert A. Maslansky, M.D., FACP, New York, NY
Appleton Mason III, M.D., Prides Crossing, MA
Ryan Mason, MD, Seattle, WA
Marion Mykytew Masouredis, M.D., MPH, La Jolla, CA
Catherine Mathis, M.D., Manteca, CA
Philip Mattheis, MD, Union, KY
Daryl B. Matthews, M.D., Ph.D., Kaneohe, HI
Michael Mattin, MD, Hampton, NH
John Maull, M.D., Exeter, NH
Charles May, MD, Novelty, OH
Dan Mayer, M.D., Niskayuna, NY
Jack Mayer, M.D., MPH, Middlebury, VT
Kenneth H. Mayer, M.D., Boston, MA
Martin Mayer, M.D., MPH, New York, NY
Peter Mayland, M.D., Redwood Valley, CA
Steven Maynard, M.D., Federal Way, WA
Michael B. Mayor, MD, Hanover, NH
John M. Mazzullo, M.D., Newton, MA
Terence McAllister, MD, Plymouth, MA
Joseph McCabe, M.D., Needham, MA
William McCallum, MD, Houston, TX
Lon R. McCanne, M.D., Yucaipa, CA
Justine McCarthy-Lenz, M.D., Florence, MA
Patricia McCarty, MBA, Port Angeles, WA
Sean McCloy, M.D., MPH, MA, Portland, ME
Colin McCluney, MD, Seattle, WA
Peter McConarty Jr., M.D., Oxford, MA
Mark McConnell, M.D., La Crosse, WI
Mary McCord, MD, MPH, New York, NY
Danny McCormick, M.D., MPH, Cambridge, MA
David McCormick, MD, Memphis, TN
Christopher McCracken, MD, Boone, NC
Michael McCurdy, M.D., Elkridge, MD
Judeth McGann, MD, Woodland, CA
Peter G. McGovern, M.D., Westfield, NJ
Joseph P. McGowan, M.D., Manhasset, NY
John McGuinness, MD, Milwaukee, WI
Chelsea McGuire, MD, Dorchester, MA
Peter F. McGuire, M.D., Brunswick, ME
Greg McHolm, M.D., MPH, San Francisco, CA
Brenda McHugh, M.D., Grafton, MA
Chris McKinless, DO, Roxboro, NC
David McLanahan, M.D., Seattle, WA
Rogers McLane, M.D., Port Matilda, PA
Gwenn McLaughlin, M.D., MSPH, Coral Gables, FL
Thomas W. McLean, M.D., Winston-Salem, NC
Dan McMurtrie, MD, Ann Arbor, MI
Michael D. McNeer, M.D., Forest Hill, WV
Bernadette McNulty, M.D., Apple Valley, CA
Dianne McQueen, M.D., Charlotte, NC
Barbara McQuinn, MD, Oakland, CA
Eduardo Medina, MD, MPH, Minneapolis, MN
John G. Meharg Jr., M.D., Sinking Spring, PA
Robert Mehler, M.D., San Gabriel, CA
Greg Melcher, MD, Sacramento, CA
James Melloh, M.D., M.Sc., South Portland, ME
Lawrence A. Melniker, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Stephen J. Melson, M.D., Seattle, WA
Jeffrey Menashe, M.D., Portland, OR
Gerald A. Mendel, M.D., Chicago, IL
King Mendelsohn, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Carol Mendez, MD, Fair Lawn, NJ
Maria Mendez, M.D., Cherry Hill, NJ
Cynthia Mendez-Kohlieber, MD, MPH, Van Nuys, CA
Richard Menet, M.D., MPH, Appleton, WI
Matilda M. Mengis, M.D., Portland, OR
Miriam A. Menzel, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Frank C. Messineo, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Samuel Metz, M.D., Portland, OR
George J. Meyer, M.D., Pompano Beach, FL
Jerold A. Meyer, M.D., Fresno, OH
Klemens Meyer, M.D., Belmont, MA
Patrick D. Meyer, M.D., Middleton, WI
Richard Meyer, MD, Westmoreland, NH
Suzanne Meyer, M.D., Oakland, CA
Alan F. Meyers, MD, MPH, Cambridge, MA
Jennifer Meyers, M.D., Hamilton, NY
Julie E. Meyers, M.D., Denver, CO
Paul M. Meyer-Strom, M.D., Portland, OR
Dwight I. Michael, M.D., Gettysburg, PA
Michael M. Michaels, M.D., Palatka, FL
John A. Michal III, M.D., Montecito, CA
Frederick J. Michel, M.D., Fernandina Beach, FL
Tom Michels, M.D., University Place, WA
W. Jost Michelsen, M.D., Port St. Lucie, FL
John V. Mickey, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Mario Milch, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Robert Milch, MD, FACS, Williamsville, NY
Arthur V. Milholland, M.D., Gaithersburg, MD
Alan D. Miller, MD, MPH, Delmar, NY
G. Robert Miller, M.D., Cedar, MI
Glen E. Miller, M.D., Goshen, IN
John D. Miller, M.D., Nicholasville, KY
Kevin B. Miller, M.D., Fort Bragg, CA
Laurence Miller, M.D., Great Neck, NY
Maureen Miller, MD, McLean, VA
Patricia A. Miller, M.D., Columbus, GA
Paul A. Miller, M.D., Chicago, IL
Ronald B. Miller, M.D., Irvine, CA
Sandra Miller, M.D., Phoenix, AZ
Sarah B. Miller, MD, MPH, New York, NY
Susan A. Miller, M.D., Richmond, VA
Ashley Millham, MD, Columbia, MO
David M. Mirvis, M.D., Memphis, TN
Hilary Mislan, MD, Worcester, MA
Sameer K. Misra, M.D., Hollis, NY
Andrew C. Mitchell, M.D., Seattle, WA
Donald Mitchell, M.D., Seattle, WA
Mark Mitchell, M.D., Hockessin, DE
James Mitchiner, M.D., MPH, FACEP, Ann Arbor, MI
Paul Mitrani, M.D., Ph.D., Rego Park, NY
Trevor Moerkerke, MD, Portland, OR
Samuel Louis Mogul, MD, Newton, MA
S. Mohan, M.D., Napa, CA
Lawrence Moher, MD, Tucson, AZ
Robert G. Mohlar, M.D., Readfield, ME
Jason E. Mondale, M.D., Marblehead, MA
Gustavo S. Montana, M.D., Chapel Hill, NC
Michael Montazeri, M.D., San Diego, CA
James I. Moody, Pharm.D., Missoula, MT
Bruce Moor, MD, Kingston, NY
Todd Moore, MD, Southern Pines, NC
John M. Moran, MD, Plymouth, MA
V. Tupper Morehead, M.D., M.Div., TSSF, Norris, TN
Dennis Morgan, M.D., Newington, CT
Daniel Morgenstern, M.D., Brunswick, ME
Dana Morris, M.D., Chula Vista, CA
Juliana Morris, MD, Quincy, MA
Mark W. Morris, M.D., Tampa, FL
Donald J. Morrison, M.D., Kernville, CA
Laura J. Morrison, M.D., New Haven, CT
Mary F. Morrison, M.D., Wynnewood, PA
Heather Morse, M.D., Newport, RI
Richard Moskowitz, M.D., Watertown, MA
Rachel Mott Keis, M.D., Lexington, MA
Joseph Mott, M.D., Palm Springs, CA
Nike Mourikes, M.D., Madison, WI
Lawson Moyer, M.D., New York, NY
Peter H. Moyer, M.D., MPH, Brookline, MA
David Moynahan, M.D., Crawfordsville, FL
Kimberly Muczynski, M.D., Ph.D., Renton, WA
Rudolph Mueller, M.D., Jamestown, NY
Robert Mulcahy, M.D., Concord, OH
Robert D. Mullen, M.D., Portland, OR
Jennifer Mullendore, M.D., MSPH, Asheville, NC
Xiomara Munoz, D.O., MPH, Seattle, WA
Shannon Murawski, Guilderland, NY
Pamela Murray, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Nathan H. Mustain, MD, Chicago, IL
Uberto T. Muzzarelli, M.D., El Centro, CA
Kamau Mweru, M.D., Chicago, IL
Catherine Myers, M.D., Linwood, NJ
Linda-Lee Myers, M.D., MBA, Carmel, CA
Wayne Myers, M.D., Waldoboro, ME
Carol Nadelson, M.D., Brookline, MA
Arash Nafisi, MD, Tarzana, CA
Richard Nagler, MD, Prairie Farm, WI
Richard Naimark, M.D., Dover, NH
Rachel Nardin, M.D., Cambridge, MA
David A. Nardone, M.D., Hillsboro, OR
Lisa J. Nash, M.D., MPH, Hardwick, MA
Scott Nass, MD, MPA, FAAFP, Palm Springs, CA
Barry Nathan, M.D., Ann Arbor, MI
Larry Nathanson, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Christopher J. Nauman, MD, Arlington, MA
Eric Naumburg, M.D., MPH, Columbia, MD
Dipesh Navsaria, M.D., Madison, WI
Mark Neahring, MD, Chicago, IL
J. Michael Neander, M.D., Oneonta, NY
William H. Neches, M.D., Kensington, MD
Laurence Needleman, MD, Penn Valley, PA
Wanda Needleman, M.D., Denton, TX
Leif D. Nelin, M.D., Galena, OH
Adin Nelson, MD, New York, NY
Matthew Nelson, DO, MPH, Grand Junction, CO
David Ness, MD, Honeoye Falls, NY
Alex Neuman, DO, Oak Park, IL
Bonnie A. New, M.D., MPH, Hood River, OR
Tamara New, M.D., Atlanta, GA
David S. Newberger, M.D., Buffalo, NY
Samuel Newcom, MD, Atlanta, GA
Michael Newhouse, M.D., Escondido, CA
David Newman, MD, Brockport, NY
Meg D. Newman, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Nancy K. Newman, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Christine Newsom, M.D., Nevada City, CA
William Newsom, MD, Nevada City, CA
Frederick Newsome, M.D., M.Sc., New Rochelle, NY
Margaret Newton, M.D., FACP, Alameda, CA
Bich-May Nguyen, MD, MPH, Houston, TX
E. Michelle Nichols, MD, Seattle, WA
Glenn Nickele, MD, Saint Paul, MN
Donnah Nickerson-Reti, M.D., Burlington, MA
Mary L. Nielsen, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
Barbara Nightingale, MD, McKeesport, PA
Astrida Nikuras, M.D., Northbrook, IL
Lisa Nilles, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar, M.D., Ph.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Mitchell Nimmich, MD, Lexington, SC
Nancy Niparko, MD, Santa Monica, CA
Edward O. Nix, M.D., Atlanta, GA
John B. Nixon, MD, PhD, Peoria, IL
Myron Nobler, M.D., Fort Lee, NJ
Russell D. Noblett, M.D., Roanoke, VA
Michael F. Noe, MD, MPH, Clarence, NY
Catherine Noel-Uyloan, M.D., Cypress, CA
Brandon Nokes, MD, Tucson, AZ
Molly H. Noonan, M.D., Ph.D., Palm Beach, FL
Matthew Noordsij-Jones, MD, Dayton, OH
Nedo Nora, M.D., Cranston, RI
Staffan R. B. Nordqvist, M.D., Ph.D., West Palm Beach, FL
Lisa J. Norelli, M.D., MPH, Clifton Park, NY
Stephen Norman, MD, Alexandria, LA
Alinea Noronha, MD, Sacramento, CA
Charles North, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Laurel Northup, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Nicholas Nossaman, M.D., Denver, CO
Larry Novak, M.D., Fayetteville, NY
James Oberheide, M.D., Salida, CO
Charles O’Brien, M.D., Ph.D., Wynnewood, PA
Mary E. O’Brien, M.D., New York, NY
Diana Obrinsky, M.D., MPH, Oakland, CA
Carlos O’Bryan, MD, Ventura, CA
Mark M. O’Connell, M.D., Little Silver, NJ
Randall Odem, MD, Chesterfield, MO
Richard O’Desky, D.O., MS, Akron, OH
Joop Offerman, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Elizabeth O’Halloran, M.D., Spokane, WA
Patrick O’Kane, MD, Philadelphia, PA
Edwin Okeson, M.D., MPH, Rockford, IL
John B. O’Leary, M.D, Saint Paul, MN
Katrina Olson, M.D., North Muskegon, MI
Lynne C. Olson, M.D., Conifer, CO
Ronald P. Olson, M.D., Durham, NC
Brian O’Malley, M.D., Provincetown, MA
Karen O’Mara, DO, Chicago, IL
Leslie O’Meara, MD, Bend, OR
James E. Omohundro, M.D., Madison, WI
Gene L. Oppenheim, M.D., MPH, Santa Monica, CA
Fredrick Orkin, MD, MBA, MSc, Grantham, NH
Peter Orris, M.D., MPH, Chicago, IL
Susan Osborne, D.O., Floyd, VA
Susan Osborne, D.O., Floyd, VA
Andreas Ostenso, M.D., St. Paul, MN
Doug R. Oster, M.D., MPH, Decatur, GA
C. Kirk Osterland, M.D., Manchester, VT
Jonathan H. Ostrow, M.D., Seattle, WA
Dwight Oxley, M.D., Wichita, KS
Jonathan Pak, M.D., Portland, OR
Sheila L. Palevsky, M.D., MPH, New York, NY
Gayle Palmer, M.D., Mercer Island, WA
Henry Ricketts Palmer, M.D., Chicago, IL
Robert H. Palmer, M.D., New York, NY
Ronald J. Pancner, MD, Fort Wayne, IN
Susan R. Panny, M.D., Hunt Valley, MD
Prasad Panthagani, M.D., FRCS, Bloomfield, CT
P. G. Parameswaran, M.D., Missouri City, TX
Carol A. Paris, M.D., Nashville, TN
David C. Parish, M.D., Macon, GA
Paul J. Parker, MDCM, MPH, Richmond, VT
Shirley A. Parker, Walnut Creek, CA
Henriette Parkman, M.D., Los Gatos, CA
William Parks, M.D., Columbia, MO
William S. Parks, M.D., Oceanside, CA
Richard Parmett, DMD, Shelburne Falls, MA
Ramon Parrish, MD, Martinez, GA
Julie Parsonnet, MD, Stanford, CA
Francis C. Pasley, M.D., Williston, VT
Patricia Passeltiner, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Amit Patel, MD, New York, NY
Timothy J. Patterson, M.D., Olney, MD
George L. Pauk, M.D., Phoenix, AZ
Jay Paulsen, M.D., MPH, Seaside, OR
Wayne Pearce, M.B., B.Ch., Hershey, PA
Michael Pearlman, MD, Reisterstown, MD
Glenn Pearson, M.D., Fort Collins, CO
Julie Keller Pease, M.D., Brunswick, ME
Eric M. Peck, M.D., Olathe, KS
Lloyd Peckner, M.D., Santa Monica, CA
Lynda Peel, MD, Portland, OR
Roger Peele, M.D., Rockville, MD
Jamie Pehling, M.D., MS, Pleasant Hill, CA
Rade Pejic, M.D., New Orleans, LA
Eleni Pelecanos-Matts, M.D., MPH, Cleveland, OH
Paul M. Pelletier, M.D., Wallagrass, ME
Sandra F. Penn, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Paul R. Pentel, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Andrew J. Penziner, M.D., Iowa City, IA
Rohan Perera, MBBS, FACC, MRCP, East Setauket, NY
Carlos A. Perez, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Juan A. Perez, D.O., Oak Oark, IL
Emilio V. Perez-Jorge, M.D., FACP, Lexington, SC
Eliseo Perez-Stable, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Carl W. Perkins, M.D., Greenfield, MA
Robert G. Perlmuter, M.D., FACP, Chicago, IL
Barbara Lee Perlmutter, M.D., Ph.D., Jersey City, NJ
Andrew Perry, M.D., Newton, MA
Muhammad Ali Pervaiz, MBBS, Decatur, GA
Anne Peters, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Robert A. Petersen, M.D., Cambridge, MA
James Peterson, M.D., Adams, MA
Phil Peterson, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Mark C. Pettus, M.D., FACP, ABIHM, Dalton, MA
Janis B. Petzel, M.D., Islesboro, ME
Elizabeth M. Peverall, M.D., Burnsville, NC
Richard E. Pfrender, M.D., Eugene, OR
Richard L. Phelps, M.D., Chicago, IL
Charlotte Phillips, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
James E. Phillips, M.D., MPH, Watervliet, MI
Lindsay Phillips, M.D., Rochester, NY
Russell S. Phillips, M.D., Newton Centre, MA
Theodore J. Phillips, M.D., Issaquah, WA
Tomm Pickles, DMD, MPH, Portland, OR
Ellen S. Pierce, M.D., Spokane Valley, WA
Richard Pierson, Jr., M.D., Englewood, NJ
Simon J. Piller, M.D., Chicago, IL
Donald Pine, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
J. Elizabeth Pinkston, M.D., Stuanton, VA
Michael Pipestone, MD, Minneapolis, MN
Jill Pitcher, DO, Parker, CO
Naomi Pitskel, MD, Cheshire, CT
Diane Pittman, M.D., Bemidji, MN
Matthew A. Pius, M.D., New York, NY
Naomi Pless, M.D., Rochester, NY
Rian Podein, M.D., Madison, WI
Srecko Pogalar, M.D., Cranston, RI
Phillip Pollner, M.D., Newark, DE
Harry W. Pollock, M.D., Hancock, NH
Linda Pololi, MBBS, Waltham, MD
Caroline Poplin, MD, JD, FACP, Bethesda, MD
Suzanne Poppema, MD, Edmonds, WA
Joe Bob Porter, DO, Azle, TX
Jon Kevin Porter, M.D., Burlington, VT
Sarah Porter, MD, Rochester, NY
William Porter, M.D., Whiting, VT
Michael K. Posner, M.D., Northampton, MA
Prasad Potaraju, M.D., Columbus, OH
David Potter, M.D., Chico, CA
Patricia A. Potter, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Stephen H. Powell, M.D., Charlotte, NC
Victoria Powell, MD, Baltimore, MD
Victoria Powell, D.O., Adrian, MI
Barbara Power, RN, MBA, Deering, NH
James S. Powers, M.D., Pleasant View, TN
Mark A. Prange, M.D., San Antonio, TX
Nancy Pratt, MD, Hopkinton, MA
Franklin Price, M.D., Gates Mills, OH
Richard F. Price, M.D., Packwood, WA
Richard W. Price, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Thomas E. Price, M.D., Grand Island, NY
Michael R. Privitera, M.D., Rochester, NY
Susan Profeta, MD, Maplewood, NJ
Richard Propp, M.D., Albany, NY
Frank P. Proscia, M.D., New York, NY
Alec Pruchnicki, M.D., New York, NY
Michael T. Puerini, M.D., Salem, OR
Jean-Pierre Pujol, MD, Helena, MT
Ronald E. Pust, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Denise L. Puthuff, M.D., Louisville, KY
Robert W. Putsch, M.D., Canyon Creek, MT
Syed R. Quadri, M.D., FACP, Elizabethtown, KY
Emily Queenan, M.D., Rochester, NY
Megan Quinn, MD, MPH, Atlanta, GA
Andrew Quint, M.D., Columbia, MO
David L. Rabin, M.D., MPH, Chevy Chase, MD
Rohan Radhakrishna, MD, MPH, MS, Oakland, CA
Catherine M. Radovich, M.D., Gallup, NM
Julia Radwany, M.D., Akron, OH
Stephen Radwany, MD, Akron, OH
Anton Raff, MD, Sarasota, FL
John Raffensperger, M.D., Sanibel, FL
Patricia R. Raftery, D.O., MPH, Faribault, MN
Gangaram Ragi, M.D., Teaneck, NJ
Barrie L. Raik, M.D., New York, NY
Greta M. Rainsford, M.D., FAAP, Hempstend, NY
Robert Raish, MD, Portland, OR
Colin Raitiere, M.D., Parksville, KY
Tim Ramer, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Alan Ramsey, M.D., Madison, WI
Amin Ramzan, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Paul Randau, MD, Manhattan Beach, CA
George Randt, M.D., Bay Village, OH
Patricia Raney, M.D., Wellfleet, MA
Rekha R. Rapaka, MD, PhD, Dundalk, MD
Donald L. Rasmussen, M.D., Sophia, WV
Habib Rathle, Yuma, AZ
Rajendra Rathour, M.D., FACP, New Berlin, WI
John Ratmeyer, M.D., Gallup, NM
Shari Ratner, M.D., New York, NY
David A. Ray, M.D., Menands, NY
Roona Ray, MD, MPH, Brooklyn, NY
Terry Raymer, M.D., Arcata, CA
Enid Lynn Rayner, M.D., Honolulu, HI
Bonnie Reagan, MD, Portland, OR
Elspoth M Reagan, M.D., Bronx, NY
Robin A. Reams, M.D., Berea, KY
James Recht, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Glenn Rediger, M.D., Honolulu, HI
William Reed, MD, Chicago, IL
William Reichel, M.D., Timonium, MD
Jessica Allyn Reid, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Leon Reid, MD, Cincinnati, OH
William Ferguson Reid, M.D., MPH, Glen Allen, VA
Christopher Reif, M.D., MPH, Minneapolis, MN
Michael Reiff, M.D., Golden Valley, MN
Randolph Reims, M.D., Lafayette, CO
Celeste Reinking, MD, Sacramento, CA
Michael Reinstein, M.D., Skokie, IL
Samantha Reiter, M.D., Sequim, WA
Mark Remington, M.D., Ph.D., Mercer Island, WA
Beth Renzulli, MD, Warwick, MD
Franklin Retherford, M.D., Olympia, WA
Christopher Reveley, M.D., Salt Lake City, UT
Carl H. Reynolds V, M.D., FACP, Pittsford, NY
Charles F. Reynolds III, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Marc D. Reynolds, M.D., Fallon, NV
Sara-Grace Reynolds, MD, Worcester, MA
Alireza Rezapour, M.D., Lafayette, CA
Corrine Rhodes, MD, Boston, MA
Anthony M. Ricciardi, M.D., East Orange, NJ
Robert N. Rice, M.D., Alamosa, CO
Joseph Richard, M.D., FACP, Denver, CO
Adam K. Richards, MD, PhD, Los Angeles, CA
C. Joan Richardson, M.D., Gavelston, TX
Susan Richman, M.D., M.Sc, New York, NY
James R. Richmond, M.D., Roseville, CA
Deborah A. Richter, M.D., Montpelier, VT
Sally Ricketts, MD, Dobbs Ferry, NY
Elmore F. Rigamer, M.D., MPA, New Orleans, LA
Susan P. Righi, M.D., MPH, New Marshfield, OH
Marc Ringel, M.D., Greeley, CO
Ignacio Ripoll, MD, Virginia Beach, VA
Elaine Ristinen, M.D., MPH, Bloomington, IN
Eileen Robb, MD, Johnston, IA
Esther Robbins, M.D., Scarsdale, NY
Segundo Robert-Ibarra, M.D., Sugar Land, TX
Scott Roberts, M.D., MSc, Plano, TX
Suzanne Roberts, MD and Parker Roberts, MD, Falmouth, ME
Jack C. Robertson, M.D., FACPM, Richardson, TX
Lauri Robertson, M.D., Nantucket, MA
Anne Robin, M.D., Champaign, IL
Douglas Robins, M.D., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL
Susan C. Robinson, M.D., Paso Robles, CA
R. P. Channing Rodgers, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Peter Rogatz, M.D., MPH, Port Washington, NY
Ann Rogers Pfrender, MD, PhD, Eugene, OR
Alan Rogers, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Rebecca Rogers, M.D., Somerville, MA
Susan Rogers, M.D., Chicago, IL
Aaron Roland, MD, San Francisco, CA
Ursula Rolfe, M.D., Berkeley, CA
John S. Rolland, M.D., Wilmette, IL
Max Romano, MD, Baltimore, MD
Gary P. Romberg, M.D., Reno, NV
Jennifer Ron, M.D., FACEP, Grayslake, IL
James Ronayne, MD, Chicago, IL
Sonja Ronning, MD, Olympia, WA
Andrew M. Ropp, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Arthur Rose, M.D., Huntington Woods, MI
Henry J. Rose, M.D., Dalton, MA
John Rose, M.D., Louisville, KY
Roger Rose, MD, Lake Forest Park, WA
Susan Rose, DO, Brighton, MI
Margot Roseman, M.D., Santa Barbara, CA
Gerald M. Rosen, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
David M. Rosenberg, D.O., Bayside, WI
Alan Rosenfeld, M.D., Laconia, NH
Paul J. Rosenfield, M.D., New York, NY
Elizabeth R. Rosenthal, M.D., Larchmont, NY
Margaret A. Rosenthal, D.O., McCall, ID
Samuel L. Rosenthal, M.D., Larchmont, NY
Anita E. Ross, M.D., Seattle, WA
Craig Ross, M.D., Ann Arbor, MI
Johnathon Ross, M.D., MPH, Toledo, OH
Jonathan Ross, M.D., Hanover, NH
Paul B. Ross, M.D., Great Neck, NY
Rita Rossi-Foulkes, MD, Riverside, IL
Luke A. Rostocki, MD, FACOG, Summersville, WV
Brad Roter, M.D., Vashon, WA
Alan Roth, MD, Wichita, KS
Jessica Roth, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Alice Rothchild, M.D., Brookline, MA
Johann Rothwangl, M.D., Candia, NH
Lewis P. Rowland, M.D., New York, NY
David M. Rubin, M.D., Greensbow, NC
Rachel Rubin, M.D., MPH, Chicago, IL
Eric Rubinstein, M.D., Grass Valley, CA
Eric J. Ruby, M.D., FAAP, Taunton, MA
Lloyd Rucker, M.D., Newport Beach, CA
Mylene Rucker, M.D., MPH, Visalia, CA
Gunther L. Ruckl, M.D., Ph.D., Decatur, GA
Donald L. Rucknagel, M.D., Cincinnati, OH
Abraham M. Rudolph, M.D., San Francisco, CA
David Rudolph, M.D., Palmer, AK
Walter Rush, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Christopher T. Ruskey, M.D., Colorado Springs, CO
Margaret Russell, MD, Chicago, IL
Patricia J. Russell, M.D., Tacoma, WA
John B. Rust, M.D., San Marcos, TX
Richard E. Rust, M.D., Seattle, WA
Kashmira Rustomji, MD, New Haven, CT
R.C. Jake Rutherford, M.D., MPH, Healdsburg, CA
David Ruud, M.D., Portland, OR
Carol M. Ryan, M.D., Portsmouth, RI
J. Mark Ryan, M.D., FACP, Portsmouth, RI
Amanda Ryder, M.D., Yakima, WA
Janis Rygwelski, M.D., Dewitt, MI
Punam Sachdev, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Alfred M. Sadler Jr., M.D., Carmel, CA
Daniel J. Safer, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Kenneth Saffier, M.D., Walnut Creek, CA
Todd Sagin, M.D., Glenside, PA
Irene A. Saikevych, M.D., Central Point, OR
Emma Lou Sailors, M.D., Dobbs Ferry, NY
Amber Rohner Sakuda, M.D., Kahului, HI
Robert J. Salinger, M.D., Claremont, CA
Martin Salinsky, M.D., Portland, OR
Eric Salk, M.D., New Preston, CT
Peter F. Salomon, M.D., Tucson, AZ
William H. Salot, M.D., Grosse Pointe Shores, MI
Elizabeth L. Salsburg, M.D., Oakland, CA
Martha Salyers, M.D., MPH, Asheville, NC
Alison Samitt, M.D., Portland, ME
Maricela Sanchez, MD, Prosser, WA
V. R. Sansone, MD, Vallejo, CA
Marcosa J. Santiago, M.D., Rumney, NH
Lydia J. Sarro, M.D., Florence, MA
Paul Sarvasy, M.D., Bellingham, WA
Nicholas Sasson, M.D., Pacific Grove, CA
Shirley Saucerman, MD, Anchorage, AK
Amy F. Saunders, M.D., MPH, Ann Arbor, MI
Barney S. Saunders, M.D., Salem, OR
John A. Saunders, M.D., San Diego, CA
Saverio Sava, MD, Edgewood, NM
Barry Saver, M.D., Seattle, WA
Wendy Saville, M.D., Eugene, OR
Andreas A. Savopoulos, MD, Newark, NJ
Daniel S. Sax, M.D., Randolph Center, VT
William B. Saxbe Jr, MD, MPH, Williamstown, MA
Jessica Schorr Saxe, M.D., Charlotte, NC
Sanjaya Saxena, M.D., San Diego, CA
Andrew J. Saxon, M.D., Seattle, WA
Sadath Sayeed, M.D., JD, Boston, MA
Barbara B. Sayres, M.D., Summit, NJ
Christine Schaefer, DO, Fort Collins, CO
Daniel Schaffer, MD, Spokane, WA
Don S. Schalch, MD, Middleton, WI
Elaine Schattner, M.D., New York, NY
Steven Schechterman, MD, Albuquerque, NM
Claire Scheele, MD, Camby, IN
Bernardo S. Scheimberg, M.D., Hartsdale, NY
Diane Schetky, M.D., Topsham, ME
James Scheuer, M.D., New York, NY
Graenum Schiff, M.D., Richmond, VA
Jill B. Schiff, MD, MPH, Brookline, MA
Lee Schilling, M.D., Fresno, CA
John D. Schirack, M.D., Sandy, UT
Roberta Schleifer, MBA, MUPP, Barrington, IL
Peter Schlesinger, M.D., Roseville, MN
Louis M. Schlickman, M.D., Meridian, ID
Charles David Schloss, MD, Dublin, OH
Gregory L. Schmidt, M.D., Ph.D., Madison, WI
Maria E. Schmidt, M.D., Tarrytown, NY
Andrew Schmitt, MD, Madison, WI
Barton D. Schmitt, M.D., Littleton, CO
Ralph D. Schmoll, M.D., Bloomfield, CT
Carol Schneebaum, M.D., Dobbs Ferry, NY
Amy Schneider, M.D., Andover, NH
Lawrence J. Schneiderman, M.D., Del Mar, CA
Henry E. Schniewind Jr., M.D., Cambridge, MA
Michelle Schoepflin Sanders, M.D., Portland, OR
Timothy Scholes, M.D., Olympia, WA
Richard A. Schollbert, M.D., Ambridge, PA
Susan S. Schommer, MD, Cambria, CA
Diana Schott, M.D., Bainbridge Island, WA
Lionel Schour, M.D., M.S., Oakland, CA
Paul Schraeder, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Mary Ann Schran, M.D., Harrington Park, NJ
Justin Schreiber, DO, MPH, Pittsburgh, PA
Aldebra Schroll, M.D., Chico, CA
Julie Schulman, M.D., New York, NY
Curtis D. Schultz, M.D., Hickory, NC
Deborah J. Schumann, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Jonathan Schwartz, M.D., New Bedford, MA
Jonathan Schwartz, MD, Hopkinton, NH
Michael Schwartz, M.D., Swannanoa, NC
Rona Schwartz, MD, Washington, DC
Richard E. Schweitzer, M.D., Coronado, CA
David M. Scoggin, M.D., Lancaster, OH
Ewell G. Scott, M.D., FACP, Morehead, KY
W. Eric Scott, M.D., Moorestown, NJ
Bruce W. Scotton, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Jerry Scruggs, M.D., Memphis, TN
Stephen L. Seagren, M.D., La Jolla, CA
Thomas K. Seddon, M.D., Eugene, OR
Rebecca Seigel, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Jose L. Seligson, M.D., Great Neck, NY
Harry Senekjian, M.D., Ogden, UT
Ann Séror, MBA, PhD, Quebec City, QC
John Severinghaus, M.D., Ross, CA
Robert Shadel, M.D., Dublin, OH
Richard D. Shafron, M.D., FACP, Weston, FL
Alap Shah, MD, Oak Park, IL
Mansi Shah, MD, Durham, NC
Varsha Shah, M.D., Fairfield, CT
Ehsan Shahmir, M.D., Davis, CA
Kathryn Shands, M.D., Decatur, GA
Eve Shapiro, M.D., MPH, Tucson, AZ
Rita Shapiro, D.O., Evanston, IL
Todd Shapley-Quinn, M.D., Chapel Hill, NC
Catherine M. Sharkness, M.D., Pringle, PA
Vishnu K. Sharma, M.D., FACP, Lapeer, MI
Priya Shashidharan, M.D., Towson, MD
Gail Shaw, M.D., Sacramento, CA
Gregory L. Sheehy, M.D., Middleton, WI
Joanna Beth Sheinfeld, M.D., New York, NY
Joanna Beth Sheinfeld, M.D., New York, NY
Valerie Nia Shell, MD, Burtonsville, MD
Lee Shelton, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Susan Sheneman, M.D., Highwood, IL
John C. Shepherd, M.D., Boulder, CO
Elizabeth Sheppard, MBA, Portland, OR
Janette Sherman, M.D., Alexandria, VA
Steven Sherman, M.D., Adrian, MI
Alan Sholomskas, M.D., Hamden, CT
William Shore, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Martha J. Short, MD, Marquette, MI
William Shriner, M.D., Terre Haute, IN
James H. Shropshire, M.D., Monona, WI
Clare N. Shumway, MD, Mechanicsburg, PA
Victor W. Sidel, M.D., New York, NY
Stan Siefer, M.D., Denver, CO
Andrew Siegel, M.D., Burlington, VT
David Siegel, MD, MPH, Davis, CA
Leo H. Siegel, M.D., New York, NY
Jerry Sielaff, M.D., Middleton, WI
Julie Sierra, M.D., San Diego, CA
Peter Sigmann, M.D., Sturgeon Bay, WI
Frank Silagy, MD, New York, NY
Julie Silberman, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Ann Silk, M.D., Metuchen, NJ
Greg M. Silver, M.D., Palm Harbor, FL
Marcia R. Silver, M.D., FACP, Shaker Heights, OH
Carl Silverman, M.D., Madison, WI
Mervyn Silverman, MD, Crockett, CA
Amy Simantel, M.D., Oregon, WI
Madeline Simasek, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Leigh H. Simmons, M.D., Boston, MA
Anne Simons, M.D., San Francisco, CA
George Simpson, M.D., Fallbrook, CA
William M. Simpson Jr., M.D., Charleston, SC
Robert B. Sims, M.D., Mercer Island, WA
Heidi Sinclair, M.D., MPH, New Orleans, LA
Donald A. Singer, M.D., Longmont, CO
Samuel J. Singer, MD, MS, Berkeley, CA
Charles M. Singleton, M.D., Prairie Village, KS
John W. Singleton, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Norman J. Sissman, M.D., Sleepy Hollow, NY
Gerald Sitomer, M.D., Brewster, MA
William F. Skeen, M.D., MPH, Santa Barbara, CA
Douglas Skinner, MD, White Oak, PA
Linda Skory, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Ilana Slaff-Galatan, M.D., Oarland Gardens, NY
Raymond G. Slavin, M.D., Saint Louis, MO
Linda Sloan, M.D., Palmer, AK
Marlow Sloan, M.D., Westcliffe, CO
David M. Slobodkin, M.D., MPH, Forest Park, IL
Susan Smile, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Carol A. Smith Pincus, M.D., FACP, Manhasset, NY
Carolyn Smith, M.D., Milwaukee, WI
Fred B. Smith, M.D., Hastings-on-Hudson, NY
George Smith, Jr., M.D., Frederick, MD
Gordon W. Smith, M.D., Hamden, CT
Jeremiah Smith, Pharm.D, Mount Holly, NC
Les W. Smith, M.D., Colleyville, TX
Malcolm Smith, MD, Norfolk, VA
Mindy Smith, M.D., Colville, WA
Peter R. Smith, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Stephen Smith, MD, Minneapolis, MN
Stephen Smith, MD, Portland, OR
Gordon B. Snider, M.D., FACP, Lancaster, OH
Frank C. Snope, M.D., Medford, NJ
Hal Snyder, M.D., Arlington Heights, IL
Marc Snyder, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Maria C. Snyder, M.D., MPH, Kapaa, HI
Gary A. Sobelson, M.D., Concord, NH
Susan Soboroff, M.D., Trumansburg, NY
Natacha Sochat, MD, Weare, NH
Carl A. Soderland, M.D., MPH, Ipswich, MA
Robert Soderstrom, M.D., Flint, MI
H. Nancy Sokol, M.D., Concord, MA
Stephen Sokol, M.D., Lewiston, ME
Julia Sokoloff, M.D., Olympia, WA
Marc D. Sokolow, M.D., FACP, Towson, MD
Jay Solnick, M.D., Ph.D., Davis, CA
Andrew Solomon, MD, Richmond, VT
Irene L. Solomon, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Michael Solon, MD, PhD, West Springfield, MA
Bruce Soloway, M.D., New Rochelle, NY
Antal E. Solyom, M.D., Ph.D., MA, Lynchburg, VA
Sr. Irene Solzbacher, M.D., Maryknoll, NY
Alberto Sommerhalder, M.D., Longview, TX
Celeste Song, MD, Rochester, NY
Adam Sorscher, M.D., Fairlee, VT
Paul C. Sorum, M.D., Ph.D., Schenectady, NY
Edgardo Sosa, M.D., New York, NY
Elizabeth N. Sousa, M.D., Pleasantville, NY
Margaret E. Sowerwine, M.D., Rocky Mount, NC
Elizabeth Spaar, DO, Verona, PA
Andrew Spanier, M.D., MPH, Oakland, CA
Elliott J. Spanier, M.D., North Chesterfield, VA
Ralph H. Speken, M.D., New York, NY
E. Martin Spencer, M.D., FACP, San Francisco, CA
H. Todd Spencer, M.D., Wellfleet, MA
Wayne Spiggle, M.D., Keyser, WV
Roger W. Spingarn, M.D., Newton Centre, MA
Ann Spires, M.D., Haverhill, MA
Deborah Spitz, M.D., Chicago, IL
Bryce Spitze, MD, Greeley, CO
Paul Spray, MD, Oak Ridge, TN
James M. Squire, M.D., Seattle, WA
Nagaraja R. Sridhar, M.D., Williamsville, NY
Namperumal Srihari, M.D., BSME, Belmont, CA
Christine M. Staats, M.D., Burlington, VT
Stephen S. Stabile, M.D., MHA, Chicago, IL
Achilles Stachtiaris, M.D., Sebastian, FL
Christopher Stack, MD, MBA, Indianapolis, IN
Jan H. Stafl, M.D., Eugene, OR
Susan Standfast, M.D., MPH, Niskayuna, NY
Lee B. Stapleton, MD, Sewanee, TN
Geoffrey Starr, M.D., Portsmouth, NH
Theodore L. Steck, M.D., Chicago, IL
Margaret Steele, MD, Manzanita, OR
Thomas Steele, MD, Corvallis, OR
Scott Steiger, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Susan Steigerwalt, M.D., Detroit, MI
Adam D. Stein, M.D., Downers Grove, IL
Gerald H. Stein, M.D., FACP, Gainsville, FL
Jeffrey Stein, M.D., Glastonbury, CT
Martin T. Stein, M.D., La Jolla, CA
Peter Steinglass, M.D., New York, NY
Donald Steinmuller, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Alice Stek, M.D., Venice, CA
Robert G. Stephens III, M.D., Athens, GA
Richard Stephenson, MD, Chicago, IL
Deborah J Stetler, M.D., Grand Junction, CO
Mark Stevens, MD, Marquette, MI
Holly Stewart, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
John P. Stewart, M.D., Asheville, NC
Susan C. Stewart, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Melissa Stiles, M.D., Madison, WI
Audrey J. Stillerman, M.D., Chicago, IL
Leo L. Stolbach, M.D., Dedham, MA
Andrew M. Stone, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Rob Stone, M.D., Bloomington, IN
Henry Storch, M.D., Gainesville, FL
Eileen Storey, M.D., MPH, Morgantown, WV
David P. Stornelli, M.D., Pittsford, NY
Stephen R. Stouder, M.D., Indianapolis, IN
John W. Stover, M.D., Rio Rancho, NM
Steven D. Stovitz, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
William D. Strathmann, M.D., Washington, DC
Sandra L. Strauss Stern, M.D., Mill Valley, CA
Molly Strauss, M.D., Bethesda, MD
Pamela Strauss, M.D., Oak Park, IL
Reuben Strayer, MD, New York, NY
Terry B. Strom, M.D., Brookline, MA
Wayne S. Strouse, M.D., Penn Yan, NY
Brian Stufflebam, M.D., St. Charles, MO
R. Mark Styczynski, M.D., Sterling, IL
Robert E. Sullivan, M.D., Sacramento, CA
Robert Sumner, M.D., Marlborough, MA
David Svahn, M.D., Doylestown, PA
Garth Swanson, M.D., Downers Grove, IL
Stephen Swanson, M.D., Coupeville, WA
Jack Swanzy, M.D., Fredericksburg, TX
Carol Swarts, M.D., Crewstview Hills, KY
Michael A. Sweeney, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
John H.K. Sweet, M.D., St. Louis, MO
Leighton J. Sweet, M.D., Pacific Grove, CA
Sandy Sweetnam, MD, Cambridge, MA
Charles N. Swisher, M.D., Evanston, IL
Grant Syphers, M.D., Rohnert Park, CA
John Sytsma, M.D., Farmington, ME
Allan Tachauer, M.D., Chicago, IL
Nicholas Taintor, M.D., Arlington, VA
Zebulon Taintor, M.D., New York, NY
Joseph F. Talarico, D.O., Pittsburgh, PA
Geoffrey A. Talbot, M.D., Melrose, MA
Bruce A. Talmadge, M.D., Barre, VT
Howard Tanenbaum, M.D., Slingerlands, NY
Asim Tarabar, MD, Cheshire, CT
Muhammad Tariq, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Gerald M. Tarnoff, M.D., Barrington, RI
William Tarran, D.P.M., Pacifica, CA
Gary Tash, M.D. & Sharon Tash, Maplewood, MO
Frederick R. Taylor, M.D., Minneapolis, MN
Muriel K. Taylor, M.D., Lakewood, WA
Stephan F. Taylor, M.D., Ann Arbor, MI
William C. Landau Taylor, M.D., Newton, MA
Yvonne Taylor, M.D., Washington, ME
Golshid Tazhibi, MD, Philadelphia, PA
Stewart Teal, M.D., Davis, CA
Allan S. Teel, M.D., Nobleboro, ME
Edwin G. Tegenfeldt, M.D., Pacific Beach, WA
Shandiz Tehrani, M.D., Ph.D., Portland, OR
Gerald Telep, MD, Rancho Cordova, CA
Margaret C. Telfer, M.D., FACP, Chicago, IL
Martin Terplan, M.D., Sausalito, CA
Donn Teubner-Rhodes, M.D., Towson, MD
William E. Thar, M.D., Summit, NJ
Michael Thibodeau, M.D., Farmington Hills, MI
Ariel Thomann, M.D., Houston, TX
Christie P. Thomas, M.D., Coralville, IA
Chad Thompson, M.D., Shiprock, NM
Lee S. Thompson, M.D., Lacey, WA
Lowery L. Thompson, M.D., Monroe, LA
Michael Thompson, M.D., Dover, NH
Nancy Thordarson, M.D., Seattle, WA
Frank K. Thorp, M.D., Ph.D., Palos Park, IL
Steven J. Thorson, M.D., Fort Collins, CO
Sul Ross Thorward, M.D., DLFAPA, Sitka, AK
David Tiersten, MD, Maplewood, NJ
Carolyn Tillquist, MD, Englewood, CO
David Tinling, M.D., Rochester, VT
Janet L. Titus, M.D., Fayetteville, AR
Robert Titzler, M.D., St. Paul, MN
Alan Tomlinson, M.D., Loveland, CO
Cesar A. Torras, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Danny Toub, M.D., Santa Rosa, CA
Peter Trafton, M.D., Providence, RI
Laszlo Trazkovich, MD, Reisterstown, MD
Michael Treece, M.D., San Francisco, CA
Maryann Tretinik, Pittsburgh, PA
Bruce G. Trigg, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
David C. Trigg, M.D., Whittier, NC
Glennah I. Trochet, M.D., Sacramento, CA
M. Richard Troeh, MD, Independence, MO
Randall Trowbridge, MD, Greenwood, IN
Ann Troy, M.D., FAAP, San Rafael, CA
Rachael S. Truchil, MD, MPH, Danville, PA
Carol I. Tsao, M.D., J.D., Milwaukee, WI
Walter H. Tsou, M.D., MPH, Philadelphia, PA
Byron C. Tucker, M.D., Temple, TX
Joseph Tuggle, M.D., Southbury, CT
Susan B. Tully, M.D., FAAP, Pasadena, CA
Charles E. Turk, M.D., Chicago, IL
Donald Turken, M.D., Cherry Hills Village, CO
Erick Turner, M.D., Portland, OR
Frank N. Turner, M.D., Olympia, WA
H. Dixon Turner, M.D., Portsmouth, NH
Sandy Turner, M.D., New York, NY
Katherine Tynus, M.D., Chicago, IL
Scott Tyson, M.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Toshiko L. Uchida, M.D., Oak Park, IL
William Ulwelling, M.D., MPH, Albuquerque, NM
Annie Umbricht, M.D., Towson, MD
Eric Unzicker, M.D., Santa Fe, NM
Eugene J. Uphoff, M.D., Portland, OR
Michael A. Urbano, M.D., Portsmouth, NH
Stephen Urciuoli, M.D., Trumbull, CT
Richard U’Ren, M.D., Portland, OR
Eric Vail, MD, Tappan, NY
Scott Valet, MD, Brockport, NY
Mary A. Valliere, M.D., Acton, MA
John Van Buskirk, D.O., Tacoma, WA
Cornelia H. van der Ziel, M.D., Chestnut Hill, MA
Daniel J. Van Durme, M.D., Tallahassee, FL
Harold W. Van Lonkhuyzen, M.D., Rockport, ME
Laura Van Metre, MD, New York, NY
Caleb VanderVeen, MD, Los Angeles, CA
Steven Varga-Golovcsenko, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Enrique Vazquez, MD, San Juan, PR
Jaime A. Vazquez, M.D., Portland, OR
Matias J. Vega, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Jason Veitengruber, M.D., Seattle, WA
Katie Venanzi, MD, Baltimore, MD
Philip A. Verhoef, MD, PhD, FAAP, Chicago, IL
Louis Vernacchio, M.D., Boston, MA
Robert E. Vestal, M.D., Boise, ID
Karen E. Victor, M.D., Cambridge, MA
Mark M. Vietti, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Olmedo Villavicencio, M.D., Fairfax, VA
Joanna E. Vincent, M.D., Hamden, CT
Robert S. Vinetz, M.D., Los Angeles, CA
Daniel C. Vinson, M.D., Columbia, MO
John R. Vinton, M.D., Phippsburg, ME
Susan L. Vogel, M.D., New Orleans, LA
James V. Volk, M.D., Hendersonville, NC
Janneke Volkert, MD, Rochester, NY
Paul von Oeyen, M.D., Bloomfield Hills, MI
Harold Vonk, M.D., Ogden, UT
Jennifer Voorhees, M.D., Philadelphia, PA
Arno Vosk, M.D., Williamsport, PA
John P. Vuchetich, M.D., Ph.D., Minneapolis, MN
Margaret R. Wacks, M.D., Lexington, MA
Dawn Marie Wadle, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Jessica Wagener, M.D., Burlington, VT
Richard Wahl, M.D., Tucson, AZ
Gary C. Wainer, D.O., Oak Park, IL
Douglas Waite, M.D., New York City, NY
Jeff Walden, MD, Greensboro, NC
Barbara (Babs) Waldman, M.D., Evanston, IL
Benjamin Walker, MD, Madison, WI
Jenny Walker, M.D., New York, NY
Jonathan Walker, M.D., Fort Wayne, IN
Kelly Walker, MD, Livingston, MT
Ian Wallace, MD, El Sobrante, CA
Wesley Wallace, M.D., Saint Petersburg, FL
Stephen Waller, MD, OD, Washington, DC
Cora Walsh, MD, Minneapolis, MN
Karen Wang, M.D., FAAP, West Reading, PA
Li-hsia Wang, M.D., Berkeley, CA
Yueh-Ming Wang, M.D., Palo Alto, CA
Jane Ward, Washington, DC
Marilyn S. Ward, M.D., Palm Harbor, FL
Robert F. Ward, M.D., Baltimore, MD
James Warneke, MD, Tucson, AZ
Nancy E. Warner, M.D., Pasadena, CA
Carolyn Sue Warren, M.D., Annapolis, MD
Stafford G. Warren, M.D., Annapolis, MD
Franz W. Wassermann, M.D., Seattle, WA
H. Milton Watchers, M.D., FACOG, Walnut Creek, CA
William C. Waterfield, M.D., Baltimore, MD
Richard Waters, MD, Seattle, WA
Kathleen V. Watson, M.D., FACP, Minneopolis, MN
Richard Waugaman, M.D., Brevard, NC
Cole Weatherby, D.O., Austin, TX
David Webb, M.D., Lanesboro, MN
Bradley A. Weber, D.O., Springboro, OH
Kathleen Weber, MD, MPH, Nashville, TN
James R. Webster, MD, MS, MACP, Santa Fe, NM
Warnie L. Webster, M.D., Acton, MA
Paul Wedel, M.D., Fort Collins, CO
Jeff Wedgwood, M.D., MS, Issaquah, WA
Charles E. Weems, M.D., Seattle, WA
Julie Wegener, M.D., New York, NY
Alice Wei, M.D., New York, NY
Theresa Weiland, D.O., Boise, ID
Sarah K. Weinberg, M.D., Mercer Island, WA
Miles Weinberger, M.D., Encinitas, CA
Daniel Weiner, M.D., Sewickley, PA
Gerald Weiner, M.D., Scottsdale, AZ
Phyllis Weiner, M.D., Hollis, NY
Cheryl Weinstein, M.D., Shaker Heights, OH
Joanna Weinstock, M.D., Jericho, VT
Ed Weisbart, M.D., Olivette, MO
Lise Weisberger, M.D., Skokie, IL
Jonathan B. Weisbuch, M.D., MPH, FACPM, Phoenix, AZ
Richard Weiskopf, M.D., Syracuse, NY
Evan Weisman, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Allan B. Wells, M.D., New York, NY
Thomas E. Welsh, MD, Union, MS
John S. Weltner, M.D., Marblehead, MA
Sheila Wendler, MD, Kaneohe, HI
Mark Wener, M.D., Seattle, WA
Peter Wentzel, M.D., Morgantown, WV
Kate Wessling, M.D., Higganum, CT
James C. West, M.D., Lawrence, KS
Heidi Weston, MD, Phoenixville, PA
Mary E. Wheat, M.D., Astoria, NY
Harry C. White, M.D., Colorado Springs, CO
Jenna M.B. White, M.D., Albuquerque, NM
Madeline J. White, M.D., Denver, CO
Randall F. White, M.D., Vancouver, BC
Robert B. White, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Clay C. Whitehead, M.D., Chapel Hill, NC
Dena Whitesell, MD, North Yarmouth, ME
Tessa Whitley, M.D., Davis, CA
Arnold L. Widen, MD, MS, MACP, Chicago, IL
David Wiebe, M.D., Kearney, NE
Zuzanna Wieckowska, M.D., Cottage Grove, OR
Mark Wieland, M.D., Rochester, MN
William H. Wiese, MD, MPH, Albuquerque, NM
Susan Wildin, M.D., Pearland, TX
Elizabeth Wiley, MD, JD, MPH, Sterling, VA
Ashley Wilhelm, DO, MPH, Bangor, ME
Allan J. Wilke, M.D., Portage, MI
Aimee M. Wilkin, M.D., MPH, Winston Salem, NC
Michael Wilkins, M.D., Kansas City, MO
Andrew Willet, MD, Dover, DE
Martha J. Willi, MD, Peoria, IL
Donna Williams, MD, Sacramento, CA
Stephen Williamson, M.D., Kansas City, MO
Hubert N. Williston, M.D., Houston, TX
Adisa Willmer, M.D., Oakland, CA
Eric Wilson, M.D., Evanston, IL
Geniene Wilson, M.D., Lewiston, ME
Janet Winikoff, M.D., Santa Monica, CA
Dean Winslow, MD, Stanford, CA
Glenn Winter, M.D., New Orleans, LA
Anne Wise, M.D., MPH, Cleveland, OH
Barbara Ann Wismer, M.D., San Francisco, CA
James F. Witten, M.D., Corsicana, TX
James F. Wittmer, MD, MPH, FACP, FACPM, Georgetown, TX
Peter Wodrich, MD, Duluth, MN
David Wohl, M.D., Carrboro, NC
Charles J. Wolcott, M.D., Franconia, NH
Hilary Wolf, MD, Washington, DC
Sidney Wolfe, M.D., Washington, DC
Elizabeth Wolff, MD, Brooklyn, NY
Paula Wolk, M.D., Boston, MA
Donald A. Wolochow, M.D., La Jolla, CA
John Wong, M.D., Boston, MA
Sophy Wong, M.D., Oakland, CA
Francis Wood, Jr., M.D., Seattle, WA
Robert Wood, M.D., Seattle, WA
William M. Woodhouse, M.D., Pocatello, ID
Gerald Wool, M.D., St. Louis, MO
Naomi Wortis, M.D., Alameda, CA
Megan Wren, MD, Saint Louis, MO
Hollis Wright, MD, PhD, Springfield, MO
Lara Wright, M.D., Albany, CA
T. Carson Wright, MD, Rochester, MN
David Wyckoff, M.D., New York, NY
Brian Yablon, M.D., Anchorage, AK
Howard S. Yager, M.D., Atlanta, GA
Robert D. Yager, M.D., Nashua, NH
Amy Yam, MD, Seattle, WA
Robert Yancey, MD, Gainesville, FL
Edward B. Yellig, M.D., FACP, Raleigh, NC
Chesley Yellott, M.D., Shepherdstown, WV
Sophia Yen, M.D., MPH, Atherton, CA
Martha Yoder, M.D., Indianapolis, IN
Daniel Yohanna, M.D., Highland Park, IL
Cary L. Young, M.D., Los Altos, CA
Michelle O. Young, M.D., Commack, NY
Oglesby H. Young, M.D., Concord, NH
Richard A. Young, M.D., Forest Hills, NY
Robyn G. Young, MD, Alameda, CA
Sasha Yurgionas, MD, Lakewood, OH
James Zabroski, Corvallis, OR
Ken Zafren, M.D., Anchorage, AK
Vincent J. Zarro, M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, PA
Paul L. Zazow, M.D., Doylestown, PA
R. David Zehring, M.D., La Veta, CO
John Zekas, M.D., Cleveland, OH
Steven Zekowski, M.D., Mendota Heights, MN
Anna Zheng, MD, Brooklyn, NY
William M. Zinn, MD, MPH, Belmont, MA
Evany Zirul, D.O., Fresno, CA
Paul D. Zislis, M.D., Tallahassee, FL
Benson Zoghlin, M.D., Hilton, NY
Leon N. Zoghlin, M.D., Hilton, NY
Nora Zorich, MD, PhD, Cincinnati, OH
William J. Zucker, M.D., Arlington, MA
Robert Zufall, M.D., Denville, NJ
Barnett Zumoff, M.D., Brooklyn, NY
Jon Zweig, M.D., Ph.D., Palo Alto, CA
Leonard A. Zwelling, M.D., MBA, Bellaire, TX

Medical student endorsers (with year of expected graduation)

Oscar Alcoreza, Class of 2019, Roanoke, VA
Angelica Alonso, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Marco Anshien, Class of 2018, Richmond, VA
Mikaela Aradi, Class of 2018, Tampa, FL
Franchelle Aragon, Class of 2018, Los Lunas, NM
Charlotte Austin, Class of 2018, Brooklyn, NY
Reuben Baker, Class of 2018, Providence, RI
Nell Baldwin, Class of 2017, Providence, RI
Ethan Balgley, Class of 2021, Cambridge, MA
Kyle Barbour, Class of 2018, Newport Beach, CA
Dani Baurer, Class of 2017, Philadelphia, PA
Maria Bellantoni, Class of 2018, Bel Air, MD
Ida Bernstein, Class of 2017, Allston, MA
Rohith Bhargavan, Class of 2017, Cleveland Heights, OH
Samuel Black, Class of 2018, Philadelphia, PA
Bryan Blacker, Class of 2017, Albuquerque, NM
Taysa Bowers, Class of 2019, Lisle, IL
Caitlyn Braschi, Class of 2018, New York, NY
Daniel Brook, Class of 2019, Columbus, OH
Nora Burdis, Class of 2018, Saint Louis, MO
Catherine Cai, Class of 2020, Saint Louis, MO
Daniel Camacho, Class of 2021, Chicago, IL
Richard Carozza, Class of 2019, Allston, MA
Kevin Cates, Class of 2018, Kalamazoo, MI
Grace Chao, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Simone Childs-Walker, Class of 2017, Minneapolis, MN
Joseph Chung, Class of 2018, Boston, MA
Wendy Coard, Class of 2020, Duvall, WA
Rebecca Commito, Class of 2017, Reading, MA
Sarah Cousins, Class of 2019, Irvine, CA
James A. Curry, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Alexandra De la Rosa Berrio, Class of 2018, Madison, WI
Sierra Debenham, Class of 2017, Salt Lake City, UT
John Diehl, Class of 2017, Kennesaw, GA
Ryan Dixon, Class of 2019, Detroit, MI
Jason DuBroff, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Naveed Farrukh, Class of 2018, Vestavia Hills, AL
Max Feinstein, Class of 2018, Cleveland, OH
Yi Feng, Class of 2018, Boston, MA
Joseph Freeman, Class of 2018, Niles, IL
Scott Glenzer, Class of 2017, Mobile, AL
Jonathan Aviv Golani, Class of 2018, New York, NY
Preiyaa Gopinath, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Naomi Gorfinkle, Class of 2018, Baltimore, MD
Emily Graber, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Crisologo Gregorio, Class of 2017, Albany, GA
Jose Omar Gutierrez, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Anand Habib, Class of 2018, Brookline, MA
Manuchehr Habibi, Class of 2019, Madison, WI
Paige Hamilton, Class of 2018, Cleveland, OH
Nicketti Handy, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Daniel Hankins, Class of 2018, Glendale, AZ
Orin Hansen, Class of 2017, Seattle, WA
Andrew Harrison, Class of 2017, Rochester, MN
Christopher Hasslinger, Class of 2017, Providence, RI
Sharon Heichman, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Brandon Hidaka, Class of 2017, Kansas City, MO
Rebekah Hodge, Class of 2018, Louisville, KY
Jordan Hoerr, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Nathan Huff, Class of 2017, Albuquerque, NM
Jawad Husain, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Ellie Hutchison, Class of 2016, Tucson, AZ
Andrew Hyatt, Class of 2018, Cambridge, MA
Radu Iliescu, Class of 2017, New York, NY
Nathan Jamison, Class of 2016, Columbus, OH
Bruce Jobre, Class of 2019, Scituate, MA
Brandi Jones, Class of 2018, Louisville, KY
Nadi Nina Kaonga, MHS, Class of 2018, Chelsea, MA
Eugene Kim, Class of 2018, Cleveland, OH
Ian Kim, Class of 2017, Sacramento, CA
Emily Kirchner, Class of 2017, Philadelphia, PA
David Knauss, Class of 2019, Vallejo, CA
Sunny Kung, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Kena Lackman, Class of 2017, Seattle, WA
James Lee, Class of 2019, Boston, MA
Stephanie Lee, Class of 2016, Providence, RI
David Leon, Class of 2018, Burlington, VT
Amos Lichtman, Class of 2016, Newton, MA
Linda Liu, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Mckenna Longacre, Class of 2017, Cambridge, MA
Diego Lopez, Class of 2018, Boston, MA
Stephen Love, Class of 2017, Louisville, KY
Luke Lovro, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Benjamin Lyles, Class of 2016, Durham, NC
Rebecca Mahn, Class of 2017, Bronx, NY
Ivan Marquez, Class of 2019, New York, NY
Chad Mayer, Class of 2016, Boston, MA
Marieme Mbaye, Class of 2016, Memphis, TN
Chris McCabe, Class of 2017, Phoenix, AZ
Tyler McKinnish, Class of 2017, Charlotte, NC
James Miller, Class of 2016, Waban, MA
Rebecca Miller, Class of 2016, Brooklyn, NY
Ryann Milne-Price, Class of 2017, Seattle, WA
Andreas Mitchell, Class of 2017, Cambridge, MA
Cameron Moore, Class of 2017, Valhalla, NY
Jillian Moore, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Hannah Moreira, Class of 2017, Bronx, NY
Daniel Moses, Class of 2017, Fuquay Varina, NC
Bijan Mossadeghi, Class of 2016, Scottsdale, AZ
Matthew Musselman, Class of 2019, Vallejo, CA
Timothy Nelin, Class of 2017, Galena, OH
Andy Nian, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Marjorie Nicholson, Class of 2018, Bozeman, MT
Benjamin Nicotera, Class of 2018, Amherst, MA
Nicole Noronha, Class of 2016, Providence, RI
Shirlene Obuobi, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Andrew Olsen, Class of 2019, Jamaica Plain, MA
Austin Oslock, Class of 2019, Columbus, OH
Lily Ostrer, Class of 2018, New York, NY
Albina Ovasapyan, Class of 2017, Bristol, WI
Katherine Palmer, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Daniel Parsons, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Peter Patalano, Class of 2017, Brooklyn, NY
Ashruta Patel, Class of 2018, Auburn, GA
Nikhil Patel, Class of 2016, Rochester, MN
Jesse Paulsen, Class of 2018, Seattle, WA
Travis Peery, Class of 2018, Houston, TX
Justin Pegueros, Class of 2018, Albany, NY
Rina Perlin, Class of 2019, Louisville, KY
Vikash Pernenkil, Class of 2019, Mobile, AL
Pamela Peters, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Janine Petito, Class of 2017, Cambridge, MA
Caroline Pihl, Class of 2017, Pray, MT
Raphael Rabinowitz, Class of 2017, Chicago, IL
Gianmarco Raddi, Class of 2021, Bethesda, MD
Julia Rauchfuss, Class of 2018, Tampa, FL
Kerrilynn Rice, Class of 2016, Alameda, CA
Emma Richardson, Class of 2019, Chicago, IL
Ismael Rivera, Class of 2016, Billerica, MA
Jeffrey Roberts, Class of 2019, Louisville, KY
Shamus Rohn, Class of 2018, Jefferson, LA
Stephanie Ross, Class of 2019, Chicago, IL
Armaan Rowther, Class of 2021, New Carrollton, MD
Mallika Sabharwal, Class of 2019, Louisville, KY
Anand Saha, Class of 2017, Johnson City, TN
Ahmed Saleh, Class of 2017, Baltimore, MD
Mariel Scheinberg, Class of 2018, Collingswood, NJ
Abigail Schiff, Class of 2020, Cambridge, MA
Henry Schwimmer, Class of 2020, Atlanta, GA
Shikhar Shah, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Keriann Shalvoy, Class of 2017, Brooklyn, NY
Samuel Sheffield, Class of 2017, Jamaica Plain, MA
Muna Sheikh, Class of 2016, Roxbury, MA
Bryant Shuey, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Maya Siegel, Class of 2018, Baltimore, MD
Jordan Sill, Class of 2018, Philadelphia, PA
John Song, Class of 2017, Cordova, TN
Vic Speedwell, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Lee Spencer, Class of 2017, Grangeville, ID
Rachel Stones, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Emily Stott, Class of 2018, Orchard Park, NY
Kelsey Sullivan, Class of 2018, Colchester, VT
Stephen Supoyo, Class of 2018, New York, NY
Gloria Tavear, Class of 2020, Cleveland, OH
William Tillman, Class of 2017, Mobile, AL
Lindsay Tishberg, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Rebecca Touger, Class of 2016, Bronx, NY
Ruben Troncoso, Class of 2016, Baltimore, MD
Laura Ucik, Class of 2017, Providence, RI
Mani Vahidi, Class of 2020, Los Angeles, CA
Vanessa Van Doren, Class of 2018, Cleveland, OH
Sarah Van Gaasbeek, Class of 2019, Louisville, KY
Danny Vazquez, Class of 2018, Boston, MA
Ana Wagener-Sobrero, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Chi-Fong Wang, Class of 2016, Cambridge, MA
Xiao Wang, Class of 2018, Baltimore, MD
Stacy Wara, Class of 2018, Lexington, KY
Umer Waris, Class of 2019, Sacramento, CA
Martin Wegman, Class of 2018, Gainesville, FL
Jamie Weinand, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Kathryn Welch, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Dylan Werst, Class of 2017, Seattle, WA
Brandon Wilkinson, Class of 2019, Harrogate, TN
Anne Marie Williams, Class of 2017, Cambridge, MA
Mengyou Wu, Class of 2018, San Diego, CA
Rama Yakubu, Class of 2019, Bronx, NY
Matthew Young, Class of 2019, Cambridge, MA
Frank Zadravecz, Class of 2018, Chicago, IL
Gregory Zegarek, Class of 2016, Chicago, IL
Brad Zehr, Class of 2017, Boston, MA
Yana Zemkova, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Jenny Zhang, Class of 2017, Minneapolis, MN
Jennifer Zick, Class of 2019, Minneapolis, MN
Molly Zielenbach, Class of 2016, Jamaica Plain, MA
Gregory Ziomek, Class of 2018, Albuquerque, NM
Sarah Zoutendam, MPA, Class of 2018, Madison, WI

Health professionals and other endorsers

Kimberly Abbey, ARNP, Seattle, WA
Troy Abraham, Hilo, HI
Usha Abramovitz, Edina, MN
Susan Abrams, West Linn, OR
Christine Adams, Ph.D., Houston, TX
Laura Adams, Marthasville, MO
Theresa Albini, MSW, Chicago, IL
Theresa Alexander, MS, Parkville, MD
James Allen, PhD, Duluth, MN
John Allen, Wichita, KS
Richard T. Allen, CMR, Sterrett, AL
Elaine Allendorf, RNP, MS, MPH, Warwick, RI
Beth Altshuler, MPH, MCP, Berkeley, CA
Arthur Alvarez, PA-C, Lake Worth, FL
Beverly Alves, St. Johnsville, NY
Ted Amann, RN, MPH, Portland, OR
David Amundson, MA, MPH, Lebanon, PA
Freddie Anderson, RN, Odessa, TX
Michele Anderson, RN, Minneapolis, MN
Elizabeth Angyal, Chicago, IL
Robert Applebaum, San Jose, CA
David Apsey, DDS, Clinton Township, MI
Theodore Arin, Spring Valley, NY
Seth Armstrong, Seattle, WA
Dan Aronson, Portland, OR
Hamilton Ash, Portland, OR
Patricia Austin, RN, Ozark, AL
Richard Austin, Mount Vernon, WA
Gail Bach, PhD, LCSW, New York, NY
Marion Taylor Baer, Ph.D., R.D., Los Angeles, CA
Doug Baier, Poulsbo, WA
Charles Bailey, Southport, NC
David Baker, Pittsburgh, PA
Dorothy Baker, MSN, Eagan, MN
John Balassa, Boulder, CO
Joan Balfour, MSW, Boynton Beach, FL
Alexander Ball, Longmont, CO
David Ball, RN BC, MHA, Charleston, SC
Jay Ball, Natick, MA
Jackie Ballance, RN, Florence, MA
Brian Ballard, Catawba, SC
Brooks Ballenger, Amherst, MA
Anthony Barnes, St. Louis, MO
Jeannette Bartelt, Frederick, MD
Jane Basey, Ph.D, Austin, TX
Patti Batchelder, Georgetown, MA
Chris Batich, PhD, Gainesville, FL
Thomas Bauld, Ph.D., Ypsilanti, MI
Katherine Baumgras, Sebastopol, CA
Dominic Baun, Escondido, CA
Alyson Bayer, DAOM, Conroe, TX
Kimber Beachy, Goshen, IN
Edward Bear, Santa Barbara, CA
Janis Beard, Ypsilanti, MI
Margery Becker, Berkeley, CA
Kay Bedingfield, MSN, ANP, Chapel Hill, NC
Pamela Behnen, MA, LPC, Saint Louis, MO
Patricia Behr, Silverthorne, CO
Elaine Belanger, LPN, Gorham, NH
Laurie Bell, New York City, NY
May Benatar, MSW, PhD, Silver Spring, MD
Henry Bennett, Portland, OR
Mary Bennett, Chicago, IL
Stephanie Bennett, Seattle, WA
Jane Bentham, Montclair, NJ
Angelica Bergamini, New York, NY
Karlotta Bergheer, MBA, Portland, OR
David Bergman, MS, RPh, Philadelphia, PA
Barbara Bergmann, PhD, Columbus, OH
Daniel Berman, DrPH, Fernandina Beach, FL
Jack Bernard, Peachtree City, GA
Lauryn Berner, MPH, Nashville, TN
John Berquist, BSN, Seattle, WA
Ann Berry, MPA, Raleigh, NC
Phyllis Bertke, Charlotte, NC
Daniel Best, MEd, LPCC, LMFT, Las Vegas, NM
Shruthi Bhuma, San Jose, CA
Swathi Bhuma, San Jose, CA
William R. Bianchi, Chicago, IL
Douglas A. Bigelow, Ph.D., Beaverton, OR
Frances Biller-Belinky, Oro Valley, AZ
Michael Billings, MS, Tigard, OR
Joseph E. Birnbaum, O.D., Monroe, NY
Dorothy Bittner, RN, Keene, NH
Lyle Bivens, PhD, Harpers Ferry, WV
Anita Bixenstine, Kent, OH
Janet Black, FNP, Candler, NC
Pat Blackwell-Marchant, Castro Valley, CA
Carmelita Blake, Ed.D., MPH, Brooklyn, NY
Lori Bloom, M.A., Mendocino, CA
James Bloyd, MPH, Oak Forest, IL
Ian Blubaugh, Hummelstown, PA
Rosalie Blumenthal, Charlotte, NC
Onja Bock, Chapel Hill, NC
Robert Bone, Edgewood, NM
Michael Bonello, Sparta, WI
Alexandra Bongarts, Summerland, CA
Joe Bonica, Deland, FL
Rebecca Boolos, Concord, VT
Georgine Booms, Pueblo, CO
James Borchert, Ph.D., Rocky River, OH
Lisa Bordner, Santa Rosa, CA
Jean Borgerding, BSN, MPH, Portland, OR
Danielle Boudreau, New Haven, CT
Adraenne Bowe, NP, Brooklyn, NY
Denise Bowen, Kalamazoo, MI
E. Thomas Bowers, Charlotte, NC
Wanita Bowley, Troy, MO
Eric Boyce, Hatboro, PA
Joanne Boyer, St. Louis Park, MN
Susan Bradley, Laytonville, CA
Lane Brafford, Rock Hill, SC
Wes Brain, Ashland, OR
E. Michael Brandt, Portland, OR
Robert Brandt, Biglerville, PA
Dan Braunstein, Ph.D., Davis, CA
Tonya Breaux-Shropshire, PhD, Dothan, AL
Ellen Breckenridge, PhD, JD, MPH, Houston, TX
Heather Bregel, New Ulm, MN
James Breslin, Mountain Home, ID
Dianne Bridges, Lenox, MA
Sheryl Briggs, Mexico, ME
Lorie Brillinger, RN, CNM, Berkeley, CA
Jean Brinich, ANP, MSN, Bethel, AK
Paul Brinich, Ph.D., Chapel Hill, NC
Emily Britt, RN, Stuarts Draft, VA
Thomas Britt, Stuart’s Draft, VA
Jane Brock, BSN, RN, Taos, NM
David A. Brodsky, East Cleveland, OH
William Brodsky, Great Neck, NY
Cody Brooks, Oshkosh, WI
Craig Brooks, Buffalo City, WI
Stacey Brooks, MA, Rye, NH
Drollene Brown, MA, Morriston, FL
Joan Brown, Charlotte, NC
Molly Brown, MA, M.Div, Mt Shasta, CA
Paul Brown, RN, Santa Fe, NM
Theodore M. Brown, Ph.D., Rochester, NY
Marcia E. Brubeck, MSW, West Hartford, CT
Robin Bryant, Ph.D., New York, NY
Tamela Buehrle, RN, Atlanta, GA
Gertrude Bull, RN, East Falmouth, MA
Amanda Burgdorf, Minneapolis, MN
Michael Burgoon, D.C., Roanoke, VA
James Burke, Alexandria, VA
Nancy Burke, PhD, Evanston, IL
Anne Burkley, Bend, OR
Carol Burr, PhD, Chico, CA
Brett Bursey, Columbia, SC
Lisa Buschlen, Fort Meyers, FL
John Bush, JD, MaHL, Oak Lawn, IL
Kathy Byers, PhD, Bloomington, IN
David Byrom, Ph.D., Bayport, NY
Joseph Cain, Ph.D., Tallahassee, FL
Denise Cameron, Horace, ND
Rogelio Campos, MBA, Edmond, OK
Betty Capehart, Vashon, WA
Jay Caplan, Ph.D., Whatley, MA
Dan Carey, PhD, Versailles, KY
Roland Carlstedt, Ph.D., New York, NY
Andy Carman, PhD, Santa Cruz, CA
Richard Carman, PhD, Berkeley, CA
Lily Carr, RN, RHIT, Waterloo, IL
Elizabeth Carson, APRN, Columbia, MD
Charlie Casper, Louisville, MI
Julie Casper, Bayfield, WI
Laurie Caton-Lemos, NP, Durham, ME
Richard Chady, Chapel Hill, NC
Margaret Chandler, New York, NY
Christina Chauvenet, Carrboro, NC
Christopher Cherney, Berkeley, CA
Rebecca Chesin, Plymouth, MN
Jane Chischilly, Bisbee, AZ
Karen Chovanec, RN, San Antonio, TX
Kathy Chuparkoff, Highland Heights, OH
Edward Ciaccio, Douglaston, NY
Donna Cinelli, West Hurley, NY
Michelle Clardy, PA-C, Canton, GA
Michael Clarey, Warren, MI
Colleen Clark, MPH, Cambridge, MA
John Clark, MA, Charlotte, NC
Todd Clay, York, PA
Ruth Clifford, Ph.D., Los Altos, CA
Jane M Clinton, Santa Fe, NM
Gerald Clodfelter, Grant Pass, OR
Edward Cloonan, Munhall, PA
Quintin John Clough, MSW, LCSW, Rockaway Beach, NY
Davis L. Cloward, Greensboro, NC
LP Coe, Oneonta, NY
Jeanne Coffey, RN, Oakland, CA
Fred Colman, Arbor Vitae, WI
Sheilah Conard, Yellow Springs, OH
Sheila Connelly, Salem, MA
William R. Connolly, Ph.D., Evansville, IN
Norm Conrad, Seattle, WA
John R. Cook, DDS, Muskegon, MI
Bertha D. Cooper, BSN, Sequim, WA
Dixie Copen, Riverton, WY
David Corbin, PhD, Omaha, NE
Patrick Costello, CFP, Forest Knolls, CA
Donald Cox, DDS, Walpole, NH
Edythe Cox, Hingham, MA
Simone Cox, NP, San Pedro, CA
Will Cox, Winston-Salem, NC
Claude Crider, Waleska, GA
Kyle Criminger, Columbia, SC
Albert Crowley, Marmora, NJ
Pamela Crown, M.Ed, Charlotte, NC
Maureen Cruise, RN, Pacific Palisades, CA
Waldo Cubero, DDS, New York, NY
Colleen Cunningham, Grove City, OH
Constance Cunningham, Slingerlands, NY
Michael Cunningham, Slingerlands, NY
Cris Currie, BSN, Mead, WA
Austin R. Curry, Tampa, FL
Ellen S. Daniels, MSW, New York, NY
John Daniels, Hurst, TX
Kathleen (Kitty) Dantonio, Hayden Lake, ID
Susan Danziger, Great Neck, NY
Jean Darsie, Seattle, WA
George Davelis, Papillion, NE
Chuck Davis, JD, Tulsa, OK
William Davis, Dayton, OH
Zane Davis, Lee Vining, CA
Lisa Dawley, San Jose, CA
James R. Dawson, Torrance, CA
Mary Ddge-Smith, MSW, Chapel Hill, NC
Renato de Angelis, New York, NY
Peter de la Rosa, D.C., New London, CT
Bryson Dean, Iowa City, IA
Susan DeAngelo, Syracuse, NY
Debbee Decordova, East Northport, NY
Sean Deegan, Pittsboro, NC
Terry DeHaan, RN, Cocoa Beach, FL
Claude Dekeyser, MSW, Encinitas, CA
Beth DeRooy, RN, Seattle, WA
GK Desjarlais, MPA, Drummonds, TN
Kathleen Devney, LMT, Snohomish, WA
Mary R. Dewar, R.N., Rosedale, NY
Derek Dexheimer, Seattle, WA
Brandon Deyo, RN, Austin, TX
Matt Dirodio, Morgantown, PA
Rosemary Dixon, Wheaton, IL
Amy Dole, MSW, Austin, TX
William Donohoe, Warrington, PA
Patty Dougherty, RN, Memphis, TN
Rev. Gary Doupe, Bainbridge, NY
Loretta Downs, Chicago, IL
Michael Doyle, Ph.D., Riegelsville, PA
Stevan Drobac Jr., Monaca, PA
Ellen Dubrowin, Oakland, CA
Sheila Duddy, M.Ed, Saint Paul, MN
Ruth Duemler, Eugene, OR
Will Duff, Tijeras, NM
Jennifer Dunkle, Fort Collins, CO
Margaret Duran, M.Ed, Corpus Christi, TX
Katherine A. Durso, Ph.D., Savannah, GA
Ken Dzugan, MBA, Sedona, AZ
Gary Eagen, New Prague, MN
Zachary Eagle, Stamford, CT
Wendy Ebersberger, Front Royal, VA
Judith Eda, Portland, OR
Jo Anne Edwards, Johnson, VT
Xander Edwards, New York, NY
Jonathon Egan, D.C., MPH, Seneca Falls, NY
Robert Elder, Los Angeles, CA
Barbara Eldridge, Silver Spring, MD
Julia Elina, JD, MS, CCL-SL, Houston, TX
Ray Elling, PhD, Farmington, CT
E. Ellis, Aberdeen, WA
Valerie Enders, MSW, New Rochelle, NY
Donna Endicott, RN, Happy Valley, OR
Mary Jane Engh, Garfield, WA
Linda Ennis, Chicago, IL
Mary Enright-Olson, Lafayette, LA
Jeryl Erickson, Yarmouth, ME
Todd Erickson, Atwater, MN
Maria Essig, Boise, ID
Ed Evans, Ocean Springs, MS
Christina Fahey-Matias, Vancouver, WA
Susan Fairbanks, MSSW, LCSW-BCD, Austin, TX
William D. Faller, Yakima, WA
Frances Farrell, Denver, IL
Jon Faughn, Louisville, KY
Elaine Fazzaro, Fort Wayne, IN
Marcia Feingold, Ph.D., Ann Arbor, MI
Judy Feland, Louisville, CO
Jude Feldpausch, Ferdinand, IN
Ruth Ferguson, Cozad, NE
Linda Ferland, Ventura, NH
Nathan Figlio, RN, Pittsgrove, NJ
Eric Fillmore, DNP, FNP, Price, UT
Thomas Finn, JD, Dalton, GA
Robert Fischoff, Silver City, NM
Neil Fisher, Tulsa, OK
Milton Fisk, Bloomington, IN
Carolyn Flaherty, RN, Ocean City, NJ
Wayne P. Flottman, Torrance, CA
Maura Flynn, RN, Maynard, MA
Taylor Fontes, Glen Cove, NY
Liam Forde, Albuquerque, NM
Richard Foreman, Ph.D., Albany, GA
Karen Foster, Portland, ME
Lois Fournier, RN, Centerville, MA
Glenn France, MS, Prescott, AZ
Shirley Frank, MS, Charlotte, NC
Yvonne Freccero, Florence, MA
Bill Friskics-Warren, M.Div, Nashville, TN
Anne Fruge, Seattle, WA
Paula Gallagher, RN, Washington, DC
Jean Galleher, MSW, Sutherlin, OR
Sandra Galvin, RN, South Wellfleet, MA
Thomas Gabmill, MEd, Chapel Hill, NC
Robert Gammon, OD, Bloomington, IN
Kara Garcia, BSN, RN, Tampa, FL
Thomas Garvin, RN, Charlotte, NC
Esther Gass, Millinocket, ME
Annette Gaudino, New York, NY
Marilyn Gearhart, Bluffton, SC
Connie Geidenberger, Ph.D., Columbus, OH
Ronda & Alvin Gelb, New York, NY
Donna Gelder, Ellensburg, WA
Darcy Gentner, CRRN, Urbana, IL
Barbara George, Ph.D., Haleiwa, HI
Doug Gerash, Santa Fe, NM
Raymond E. Gerth, APO, AP
Thomas Giacobbi, MSW, Buffalo, NY
Madeline Giblin, BSN, Frederick, MD
Katherine Gibson, RN, Gresham, OR
Barbara Gicking, PA-C, Portland, OR
Nancy Gier, Wheaton, IL
Mark Gifford, OD, Pineville, NC
Shawn Gillard, Salt Lake City, UT
Karen Gillespie, Boxborough, MA
Matlin Gilman, M.Div, Atlanta, GA
Rick Gilmore, Waterford, PA
Sonya Glavin, MSN, FNP-C, Creedmoor, NC
Jeffrey Glindmeyer, Ed.D., Lawrence, MI
Margaret Glissmeyer, PA-C, Portland, OR
Lou Glorie, Ann Arbor, MI
Richard Gold, Corvallis, OR
Lewis Goldberg, West Long Branch, NJ
Anna Goldman, Chicago, IL
Leslie Goldstein, LCSW, New York, NY
Leota Goodney, Northfield, MN
Barnett Goodstein, JD, Dallas, TX
Bonnie Gorman, RN, Quincy, MA
M. Gossage, Albuquerque, NM
James G. Gould, D.C., Portland, OR
S. Grant, New York, NY
Laurie Graybeal, Charlotte, NC
Mary Graziano, Galesville, WI
Penny Green, PhD, Austin, TX
Robert S. Green, JD, New York, NY
Ronald Green, Albany, OR
Monica Greene, MSW, Frederick, MD
Stephen Greene, Charlestown, MA
Shannon Greenfield, Irvine, CA
David Greenstein, OD, West Roxbury, MA
Mark Hayduke Grenard, Phoenix, AZ
Worth Gretter, MSCS, Menands, NY
Karen P. Griffin, Belmont, NC
Dawn Griffis, RN, White River Junction, VT
Jon Grinnell, PhD, Saint Peter, MN
Gaby Gross, JD, Gainesville, FL
Bonnie Grossman, Berkeley, CA
Mark Grudberg, Ph.D., New Haven, CT
Sally Guttmacher, PhD, New York, NY
Sasha Haarhoff, FNP, Kansas City, MO
Bud Haas, Bradford, VT
Wm. Kent Hackmann, Andover, NH
Mary Haeg, New Prague, MN
Suzanne Hagan, OD, Ballwin, MO
Linda Hillod, MA, Bremerton, WA
Amy Hagopian, PhD, Seattle, WA
Kathleen Hahn, Slingerlands, NY
Bob Haiducek, CHAA, Midland, MI
Brenda Hale, Memphis, TN
Elinor Hall, MPH, Portland, OR
Sarah Hambrick, JD, South Windsor, CT
G. E. Hamel, Oceano, CA
Carolyn Hamilton, MA, Pine River, MN
Don Hamlin, Wichita Falls, TX
Beverly Hand, RN, Tallahassee, FL
Sharron Harcarik, R.N., Lincoln, CA
Sabrina Hardenbergh, Carbondale, IL
Vaughn Harding, MSW, Hyannis, MA
Jill Harmer, Ph.D., Louisville, KY
Matthew Harrigan, Montgomery Village, MD
Jean Harrington, Hopewell, NJ
Charlalynn Harris, PhD, Suwanee, GA
Judith A. Harris, BSN, MA, Eastham, MA
Barbara Harrison, Ithaca, NY
Victoria Hart, Norwood, MA
Peggy Harter, Albuquerque, NM
Renee Lynn Hartman, Elysburg, PA
Terry Hash, Germantown, TN
Clarilee Hauer, PhD, Garden City, NY
Patricia Hauser, MS, Shorewood, MN
Susan Haywood, Portland, OR
Michael Healy, Seattle, WA
Charles Heaney, Seattle, WA
Elizabeth Hegeman, PhD, New York, NY
Sally Hegeman, PhD, Bloomington, IN
Peggy Heller, MSW, Potomac, MD
James Henderlite, Charlotte, NC
Anne Henderson, Charlotte, NC
Emily Henkels, Chicago, IL
Holger Henn, Dayton, OH
Bill Henning, Long Island City, NY
Remony Henry, MSW, LCSW, Vashon, WA
Shelly Henry, RN, MS, Iowa City, IA
Ted Herman, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY
Barry Hermanson, San Francisco, CA
Matthew Herrington, Flushing, MI
Doris H. Herzog, Torrance, CA
Elaine Herzog, Ed.D., Highland Park, NJ
Ronald Hikel, Toronto, ON
Virgil Hill, Springfield, MO
Jim Hillegas, Asheville, NC
Carolyn Hinton, Bloomington, MN
Mark Hirschfield, MA, LMFT, San Francisco, CA
Melody Hoadley, Lamont, FL
Mary Hoffman, FNP, Kaunakakai, HI
Stanley Hoffman, PhD, Brooklyn, NY
Susie Hoffman, DrPH, New York, NY
Kyle Holberg, McMinnville, CA
James Hollister, Gorham, ME
Donald Holmes, Sedgwick, ME
Anand Holtham-Keathley, RN, Eugene, OR
John Hondrogen, Pelham, MA
Bonita Hong, RN, Norwich, CT
David Hopkins, Colrain, MA
Jenifer Horne, Madison, WI
Lucille Horne, Sealy, TX
Nasima Hossain, Washington, DC
Melissa Houck, Waxhaw, NC
Gary Hough, Amherst, MA
Mary Hough, Amherst, MA
Margaret Houlehan, PA-C, Rochester, MN
Doris Howard, RN, Reno, NV
Shirley Howland, Clearlake, CA
Elizabeth Hubbard Brady, MSW, LICSW, Lake Elmo, MN
Susan Hubbard, RN, Santa Rosa, CA
Wanda Hubbard, Douglasville, GA
Joel A. Huberman, Ph.D., Peterborough, NH
Gerald Hunt, San Jose, CA
William Huntley, Granada Hills, CA
Brian Huntsman, DVM, Palmetto Bay, FL
Rev. Patrick Hurley, Pueblo, CO
Avigail Hurvitz-Prinz, LMSW, Brooklyn, NY
Emily Husch, Green Valley, AZ
Bob Huss, St. Charles, MO
Marcia Hutchinson, Sherborn, MA
Cheri Ibes, MS, OTR, Santa Fe, NM
Margo Ilse, RN, Duluth, MN
Benjamin F. Ingaldson, DDS, Mount Pleasant, WI
Dana Iorio, ARNP, Seattle, WA
Linda Irenegreene, JD, New York, NY
Josie Irvine, Towson, MD
Nancy Jakubiak, Louisville, KY
Joan Janus, MSN, Northfield, MN
Steve Janusz, Northfield, MN
Carl Jeffcoat, PA, Fittstown, OK
Stephanie Jennings, San Diego, CA
Jerome Joffe, Ph.D., Brooklyn, NY
Alice Johnson, DDS, Austin, TX
Kelley Johnson, Hampden, MA
Sam Johnson, Camden, ME
Sara Ann Johnson, RN, MSN, Sequim, WA
Tim Johnson, San Andreas, CA
Margaret Johnston, O.D., McLean, VA
David Jolly, DrPH, Durham, NC
Valerie Jones, Grass Valley, CA
Beverley Jordan, Lynchburg, VA
Esme Josephson, MSW, Providence, RI
Carol A Jowell, Hereford, TX
Nicholas Juncos, Brandon, MS
Robert Jung, Los Altos, CA
Philip Junglas, South Euclid, OH
Wendy Justus, Menlo Park, CA
Karen Kamerschen, Ph.D., Grand Rapids, MI
Agnes Kanikula, PA-C, Black Earth, WI
Pia Kanistros, RN, BSN, Dayton, OH
Suzi Kaplan, Montgomery Village, MD
Nancy Kappelman, RN, Vashon, WA
Helen Karamitros, PhD, Mason City, IA
Frank Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Punta Gorda, FL
Patricia M. Kearns, FACHE, Williamsburg, VA
Sarah Keedy, PhD, Chicago, IL
Mary Keenan, Rock Hill, SC
Jim Kellerman, Madison, WI
Joan Kemble, Madison, WI
Kathy Kendell, Sandstone Point, Queensland, Australia,
Kenneth Kenegos, RN, Spring, TX
Larry Kennebeck, Golden Valley, MN
James Kennedy, Lancaster, OH
Thomas C. Kennedy, Ph.D, Fayetteville, AR
Jan Kernis, MPH, Tampa, FL
Harry Kershner, Portland, OR
Libby Kessman, New York, NY
Wayne L. Ketchersid, PhD, Auburn, WA
Brian Keyser, New York, NY
Peter Kfoury, DC, Charleston, SC
Janice Khan, PhD, Saint Louis, MO
David Kieffer, Huntington, WV
Dae Kim, New York, NY
Eun Kim, Freshmeadows, NY
June Kimmel, Davidson, NC
Karlton King, Phoenix, AZ
Beth Kinney, MSW, Charlotte, NC
Kathleen Kirk, MSW, Columbia, MD
Claire Kirsch, West Linn, OR
David Kirsh, LPC, RN, Durham, NC
Larry Kjellberg, Vashon, WA
Linda Kleinhenz, O.D., Wappingers Falls, NY
Andrea Kline, RN, Virginia Beach, VA
Kathy Koch, BSN, Minneapolis, MN
Michelle Kofler, South Deerfield, MA
Rosemary Kofler, RN, Amherst, MA
John Kolstad, Minneapolis, MN
Charlotte Koons, Northport, NY
Gaye Kopas, Austin, TX
Ann Simon Koppelman, Psy.D., Chapel Hill, NC
Tom Koren, San Francisco, CA
Robin Kostel, Santa Rosa, CA
Joseph Krausman, Menands, NY
Robert Krueger, MSW, Grass Valley, CA
Judith Krulewitz, PhD, Arlington, MA
Tyler Kuhk, NP, Bellevue, WA
Ralph Kuiper, PhD, Los Altos, CA
Camille Laabs, Tumwater, WA
Richard E. Lague, P.T., Seattle, WA
David Landskov, MS, Arlington, MA
Joanne Landy, MPH, MA, New York, NY
Amy Lange, RN, CNM, Minneapolis, MN
Steven Lanzet, M.Ed, Boise, ID
Florence LaPolt-Goldfarb, Monticello, NY
Glenda Larson, BSN, Minneapolis, MN
Kimberly Lauerman, Wildomar, CA
Char Laughon, Montara, CA
Bud Laurent, Corvallis, OR
Michael Laviolette, Ph.D., MPH, Concord, NH
Cecile Lawrenc, PhD, Apalachin, NY
Dorothy Lebovitz, Upland, CA
Rachel Leip, Jefferson City, MO
Judith V. Lelchook, MHA, Alexandria, VA
Joseph Lendvai, Brooklin, ME
Linda Leng, Sun City West, AZ
Claire Leonard, RN, Tucson, AZ
Gerald Leslie, Richmond, TX
Susanna Levin, NP, New Rochelle, NY
Barry Levy, PhD, Amherst, MA
Mary Lewis, RN, Blackshear, GA
Neil Lewis, Nashua, NH
John Liebau, Springfield, PA
Judith Lienhard, BSN, Portland, OR
Jere Lifshitz, RN, MS, Santa Barbara, CA
Donald Light, Ph.D., Princeton, NJ
Steve Linnerooth, Center City, MN
John Lipsitz, JD, Buffalo, NY
Christopher A. Lish, San Rafael, CA
Martha Livingston, Ph.D., Flushing, NY
Ashutosh Lnu, PhD, San Jose, CA
James Locher, D.C., Johns Creek, GA
Emma Maxine Lodato, Dorchester Center, MA
Roberta A. Springer Loewy, Ph.D., Rancho Cordova, CA
Phil Lopes, Tucson, AZ
David Lotto, PhD, Pittsfield, MA
Victoria Loudis, R.N., Douglaston, NY
Laurent Low, Lewistown, MT
Christopher Lowe, PhD, Portland, OR
John N. Lozier, MSSW, Nashville, TN
Alan Lubow, Laguintas, CA
James Luck, PhD, Waltham, MA
Kristin Luckeroth, PharmD, Gig Harbor, WA
Billy Lutz, Marshall, TX
Larry Lynch, Plymouth, MA
Michael Lyon, Berkeley, CA
Bernard C. Macdonald, Albion, CA
Amelia Mackenzie, PhD, Carrboro, NC
Hilary Maddux, MSW, New York, NY
Shelley Madore, Apple Valley, MN
Bill Mahan, Lexington, KY
Linda Mahan, Fort Collins, CO
Thomas F. Mainor, M.Div, Williamsburg, VA
Kathrine Malachi, BSN, San Antonio, TX
Judson Malone, Georgetown, DE
Mrs. Joel Malus, Davidsonville, MD
Joe Manchik, Pataskala, OH
Michelle Mang, Denver, CO
Carlotta Mannheim, Hockessin, DE
Shekar Mantha, Santa Clara, CA
Jack David Marcus, MPH, MSW, New York, NY
Kathleen Marin, MA, Taunton, MA
Nancy Marinelli, RN, Whitestone, NY
Kent Markwart, Phoenix, AZ
Rashaan Marsan, MSW, Roslyn Heights, NY
Ethel Ann Marshall, Woodbury, MN
Sarah Marter, MPH, East Sandwich, MA
R. Marti, Altadena, CA
Diane Martin, RN, Belmont, ME
Donald S. Martin, RN, CGRN, Prescott, AZ
Herbert Martin, Oxford, MS
Joe Martin, Seattle, WA
Nichole Martin, Renton, WA
Ceilia Marx, Montara, CA
Gina Maslow, RNP, Venice, CA
Naomi Mastico, Hanson, MA
Barbara Matthews, Woodway, WA
Joan Matyskella, BSN, Columbus, OH
Mary Ellen Maxell, ARNP, Seattle, WA
Grant Mayer, MBA, Arlington Heights, IL
Mariah McAlister, Hood River, OR
Justine McCabe, Ph.D., New Milford, CT
Richard McClenahan, New York, NY
Rory McClenahan, New York, NY
Dan McCormic, Lake Panasoffkee, FL
Bob McCormick, Shutesbury, MA
Lisa McCormick, Rahway, NJ
Mary McCormick, PhD, North Andover, MA
Al Mccoskey, Simi Valley, CA
Alan McCoy, Spokane, WA
Molly McCoy, RN, Kerrville, TX
Brenda McCracken, MSc, Spokane, WA
Cathy-Lynn McGinley, Baldwin, NY
Steve Mcgough, Brockton, MA
Sarah Mckee, Amherst, MA
Susan J. McKenney, RN, Palm Coast, FL
Mark McKinley, Louisville, KY
Brooks Ann McKinney, MSW, Asheville, NC
Janey McLean, Rio Rico, AZ
Alison McLeod, FNP, Bisbee, AZ
Karen McNair, RN, Napa, CA
Sally McNamara, Mount Prospect, IL
Marilyn McNulty, MSN, AGACNP, Richmond, VA
Suzanne Smitha McPherson, Stanley, NC
Nelson Meaker, PA, Orono, ME
Jacqueline Meiluta, Cape May Court House, NJ
Molly Meinbresse, MPH, Nashville, TN
Vijaya Melnick, PhD, North Bethesda, MD
Marion Mengert, MSW, Exeter, NH
Fritz Menzel, Stevens Point, WI
Jodi Metz, MS, PA-C, Minneapolis, MN
Bob Meyer, Seal Rock, OR
Bruce Midgett, Missoula, MT
Linda Miles, M.Ed, Kent, OH
H. Millard, Salem, OR
Eric Miller, Republic, MO
Kimberly Miller, MA, Arlington, VA
Louise Miller, MA, Albuquerque, NM
M. Kathryn Miller, M.Div, BCC, Maysville, KY
Naomi Miller, PhD, New York, NY
Paul Miller, Villa Grande, CA
Richard Miller, Flower Mound, TX
Kathleen Mills, RDH, Bainbridge Island, WA
Lea Minton, MSN, CNM, Hauula, HI
Adam Millmon, MOM, Washington, DC
Eulia Quan Mishima, Gresham, OR
Christine Mitchell, Boston, MA
Peter T. Mitchell, NP, St. Paul, MN
Zoe Moffitt, Bellport, NY
Ann Molison, Fort Collins, CO
Earl Mongeon, Westford, VT
C.G. Monie, RN, Albuquerque, NM
Julio Monterrey, San Jose, CA
Maarco Montoya, PhD, Austin, TX
Rita Mooney, San Diego, CA
Ryan Mooney, Highlands Ranch, CO
Hugh Moore, RN, San Diego, CA
Mary Moore, PA-C, Pearsall, TX
Michele Moore, Clinton Township, MI
Patricia Moore, Charlotte, NC
Paul Moose, FNP, Silver Spring, MD
Joyce Ann Moran, Riverdale, NY
Debra Morrison, Seattle, WA
Fred Morrison, M.Ed, Hayward, CA
Lesley J. Mortimer, MPH, CFNP, Rio Rancho, NM
Colleen Mosel, Cutler Bay, FL
Charles B. Moseley, Ph.D., Marshall, NC
Marie Moseley, Marshall, NC
Joanne Moser, RN, Nederland, CO
Edna Mosig, MS, CCC-SLP, Kearney, NE
Joel Moskowitz, PhD, Oakland, CA
Henry D. Moss, PhD, Bronx, NY
Tracy Mott, Ph.D., Denver, CO
Laurene Mraz-Peterson, RN, Colchester, VT
Louis Milller, Indiantown, FL
Constance Mulcahy, boston, MA
Joseph A. Mungai, RN, CRTT, Elgin, IL
Timothy Munier, BSN, Rochester, NY
Rebecca Murphey, St. Charles, MO
Jeanne Musgrove, MBA, Rock Hill, SC
Norma Myers, Berkeley, CA
William Mygdal, Ed.D., Fort Collins, CO
Stephanie Naas, MSN, MPH, White Salmon, WA
Joanne N. Nagy, Granada Hills, CA
Anthony Natale, DPT, New York, NY
Deborah Nillle, OTD, New York, NY
Marc Nazon Jr, MA, Miami, FL
Ann Neale, Ph.D., Columbia, MD
Eric Newman, Bronx, NY
Janice Nichols, M.Ed., Lockport, NY
Dina Niedelman, Ocala, FL
Jan Niehaus, St. Louis, MO
Barbara Nielsen, San Francisco, CA
Theresa J. Niemczyk, PA, Monona, WI
Rodney Nippert, Amesville, OH
Patrick Noonan, Port Angeles, WA
Judy Norsigian, Newton, MA
John Northup, PhD, Rockville, MD
Donna Norton, Petaluma, CA
Leslie Nyman, RN, Pelham, MA
Marilyn Oakes-Greenspan, Ph.D., MSW, Seattle, WA
John O’Brien, MSW, LCSW, Brooklyn, NY
Janet O’Brient, PT, Great Barrington, MA
Victor Ochoa, Oakland, CA
Daniel O’Donnell, PA-C, Brooklyn, NY
Dennis ODonnell, East Moriches, NY
Herbert Ogden, Mt. Tabor, VT
Nancy O’Hagan, Portland, ME
Margarite Olmos, Sebastopol, CA
Pamela Olsen, PhD, Coeur d Alene, ID
Barbara Oman, Carmel, CA
Patrick Oneil, PhD, Westpoint, IN
Ingeborg Oppenheimer, MSW, Yonkers, NY
Edith Orner, Ed.M, Albany, OR
Tom O’Rourke, Ph.D., MPH, Champaign, IL
Shlomo Orr, Ph.D., Kennewick, WA
Brad Ott, New Orleans, LA
Anne Ozment, R.N., APO, AE
Natalie Pace, Chicago, IL
Susan Pace, RN, Redding, CA
Robert A. Padgug, Ph.D., New York, NY
Dino Palazzi, Seattle, WA
Ethel Paley, MSW, New York, NY
Joe Palmquist, MPAS, Saint Paul, MN
Margaret Reeve Panahi, MSN, FNP, Framingham, MA
Jane Pannell, RN, San Francisco, CA
Susan Park, RN, Poughkeepsie, NY
Cheryl Parmely, Ed.D., Newton Centre, MA
Darrell Parsons, Fernley, NV
Dennis Paschke, M.Div, Holton, KS
Vipul Patel, M.D., Canton, MI
Mark Patnaude, East Kingston, NH
Micki Patton, Boonville, NC
Jennifer Pauk, MPH, MSW, Washington, DC
Gary Pearson, Schaumburg, IL
Edward (Ned) Peck, MSW, Arcata, CA
Harry Peerce, Bronx, NY
David Peery, JD, Miami, FL
Carla Pena, RN, La Crosse, WI
Lynne Penek-Holden, Hilo, HI
Joanna Percher, MPH, Carrboro, NC
Mark Perkins, Dover, NH
Lawrence Perlman, Ph.D., Ann Arbor, MI
Cynthia Perry, Fairburn, GA
Deborah Petermann, Raleigh, NC
William Petersen, New Harmony, UT
Dennis Peterson, Englewood, FL
Heidi Peterson, Spokane, WA
Matthew Petty, Chicago, IL
Linda Phenix, Houston, TX
Dorothy Philbrick, Charlotte, NC
Jill Philippi, RN, Taos, NM
Dianna Ploof, Ed.D., Pittsburgh, PA
Lisa Polenberg, MSW, New York, NY
Andrew Pollack, Brooklyn, NY
Alexander Pollatsek, PhD, Amherst, MA
Harry Pomeranz, MSPH, PA-C, Yonkers, NY
Mary Marvin Porter, Keaau, HI
John Portlock, Providence, RI
Timothy Post, PsyD, Kansas City, MO
Barbara Qualley, RN, BSN, Shoreview, MN
Erin Quinn, Ph.D., Los Angeles, CA
Kibby Rada, PhD, Baltimore, MD
Kerry Radecki, Rio Rancho, NM
Joseph Rafferty, Ashford, AL
James Ragotzkie, Albany, NY
Brian Rahmer, PhD, Wilmington, DE
Peggy Ramsey, Tallahassee, FL
Alan Ranford, St. Louis, MO
Elizabeth Rantanen, Medford, WI
Brian Rea, Bend, OR
Regan Rea, PA, Portland, OR
Tom Recktenwald, Louisville, KY
Dave Redmon, Manhattan, KS
Helen Redmond, LCSW, CADC, New York, NY
Adolph Reed Jr., Ph.D., Narberth, PA
Mary Reed, Anza, CA
Monica Regan, Homewood, IL
Diane Rehner, Fort Collins, CO
Anne Reines, RN, BSN, Ojo Sarco, NM
Linda L. Remy, Ph.D., Mill Valley, CA
Lisa Rentz, Beaufort, SC
Bruce Revesz, Cedar Grove, NJ
Helen Reynolds, Haverford, PA
Reginald Reyrao, FNP, Las Vegas, NV
Susie Rhods, C.N.A., Boise, ID
Adam Richardson, MSN, CRNP, New Freedom, PA
Chris Ricketts, PA-C, Palouse, WA
Alan Rickfelder, PhD, Farmington Hills, MI
Jason Rivera, MPH, Tucsson, AZ
David Robbins, Akron, OH
Katie Robbins, MPH, New York, NY
Peter Robbins, MSW, LCSW, Arcade, NY
Norma C. Roberts-Hakizimana, RN, Saint Paul, MN
Taryn Robertson, Aurora, CO
Nicola Robinson, Renton, WA
Stuart Robinson, San Diego, CA
Sarah Roche-Mahdi, PhD, Cambridge, MA
Dolores Rogers, New York, NY
John Rohde, Seattle, WA
Denisse Rojas, Union City, CA
Kathryn Rolland, Ed.D., MPH, Closter, NJ
Christine Rollet, LCSW-R, New York, NY
Tedine Roos, Vancouver, WA
Peggy Rose, BSN, Medford, MA
Penny Rosen, MSW, New York, NY
Sybil Rosen, Santa Barbara, CA
Linda Rosenberg, LCSW, New York, NY
Kaylor Ross, Prescott Valley, AZ
Neil Ross, Minnetonka, MN
Ruth E. Ross, Ph.D., LCSW, Maplewood, NJ
Sonja Rotenberg, MSW, Chicago, IL
Michele Roumell, RN, Corrales, NM
Mary Rousset, BSN, RN, Mancos, CO
Andrew Rowe, New York, NY
Florence Rowe, MSW, New York, NY
Gregory Rowe-Pasos, MA, San Francisco, CA
Carolyn Rowney, Phoenix, AZ
Mary Roy, MSW, Seattle, WA
Pamela Royce, Pasadena, CA
Deborah Rubin, LCSW, New York, NY
Harriet Russell, MA, SLP, Chicago, IL
Christopher Russo, MA, Lebanon, NJ
James Russo, Ph.D., Walla Walla, WA
Virginia Ryan, Worcester, MA
Rosemary Sadowske, ARNP, Bel Aire, KS
Denise Salisbury, RN, MN, CNM, Oak Harbor, WA
James Salsman, SLP, Emeryville, CA
Chris Sandow, LaFayette, GA
Joel Sarch, Belmont, CA
Jeff Savlov, MSW, Monmouth Junction, NJ
Barbara Schablik, RN, PHN, Holly Hill, FL
Emily Schacht, RN, Quaker Hill, CT
Phyllis Schalet, MSW, LCSW, Great Neck, NY
Gerald Schamess, MSS, Florence, MA
Patricia Schano, MEd, Harrisburg, PA
Marjorie Scheer, MSW, LCSW, Durham, NC
Mark Scheingold, Hawthorne, NJ
Gary Schepper, FNP, MS, Bloomington, IN
Daniel Schlenger, DC, Carson City, NV
Louisa Schmid, Jacksonville, TX
Lora Schmid-Dolan, MSSW, Madison, WI
Jeanie Schmidt, RN, BSN, Half Moon Bay, CA
Sr. Gladys Schmitz, MS, RN, Mankato, MN
Catherine Schneider, Taylor, MI
Robert Schofield, Edmunds, ME
Diana Scholl, M.Div, Portland, OR
Don Schroeder, Ph.D., N. Hollywood, CA
Jennifer Schroeder, MPH, Boone, NC
David Schuler, Louisville, KY
Bob Schulof, Brooklyn, NY
Gregory Schulze, Downers Grove, IL
Robert Schwab, LCSW, New York, NY
Lonn G. Schwartz, OD, Sierra Madre, CA
Steven Scuderi, RN, Itasca, IL
Malia Seals, Bailey, CO
Bobbie Seaton, Laguna Woods, CA
Vann Seawell, Galena, OH
Stephen Sebesta, JD, Brenham, TX
Joan Seecof, MSW, LCSW, New York, NY
Margaret Seely, MSW, LCSW-R, New York, NY
Isadore Seeman, MPH, Silver Spring, MD
Andrew Segal, MBA, MS, Morton Grove, IL
Laurence Seidman, PhD, Swarthmore, PA
Harriette Seiler, Louisville, KY
Jill Seipel, MSSA, Bellevue, WA
Janine Selendy, North Salem, NY
John Sellechio, O.D., Warwick, RI
Amy Seon, OD, New York, NY
Eddy Serenity, Hilo, HI
Adina Shapiro, Washington, DC
Alan Shapiro, New York, NY
Arye Shapiro, PhD, Austin, TX
Marc Shapiro, Eugene, OR
Matthew Shapiro, Fort Lee, NJ
Charles Sharpling Jr., New Orleans, LA
Mary Shaw, RN, Bayside, NY
Carol Sheffield, Buckhannon, WV
Brenda Shelly, RN, Hatfield, PA
Kyle Shelton, Lisle, IL
Katherine Sheridan, Golden, CO
Daniel Shively, Greensburg, PA
Lisa Short-Chupity, La Honda, CA
Marian Shostrom, Pleasant Hill, CA
Lawrence Sieczko, South Bend, IN
Robert Siegel, MS, Richmond, VA
Mimi Signor, RN, University City, MO
Joan Sikora, Lansdale, PA
David Sills, MS, CAS, Easthampton, MA
Barbara Silverman, Arvada, CO
James R. Simcoe, Norwich, NY
Anita Simons, La Jolla, CA
Calvin Simons, Santa Rosa, CA
Ron Simpson, State College, PA
Elizabeth Single, MSW, Baltimore, MD
Joe Sirois, Rumford, ME
Beth Sirr, FNP-BC, Helena, MT
Judy Skala, Lake Tomahawk, WI
Melinda Skinner, Richmond, VA
John Skogman, Asheville, NC
Paige Slade, LCSW, Jacksonville, FL
Charles Smith, Fort Collins, CO
Gail Smith, New Castle, PA
Suzanne Smith, Rochester, NY
Tiana Smith, Huntington, WV
DJ Smithers, Thousand Oaks, CA
David Snope, Califon, NJ
Leon Sobush, Manitowoc, WI
An Sokolovska, Cambridge, MA
Stanley Sokolow, DDS, Santa Cruz, CA
Tania Sole, Redwood City, CA
Sean Solitaire, Buffalo, NY
Yasmin Solomon, Gualala, CA
Youchan Song, Saint Paul, MN
Beatriz Sosa-Prado, Los Angeles, CA
Annette Soucy, Brush, CO
Bev Spannuth, Williamsburg, VA
Alan J. Spatafore, Torrington, CT
Gwen Speicher, Ashland, OR
Gean Spektor, MPH, Carrboro, NC
Karen Spence, Dorchester, MA
Paul Spencer, Northampton, MA
Linda Spyker-Less, PA, Kerhonkson, NY
Sarah Squires-Doyle, Wilmette, IL
Armand St. Marseille, Yorba Linda, CA
Margie Staker, Brooklyn, NY
Marilyn Stamberg, Sarasota, FL
Lee Stanfield, Tucson, AZ
Rebecca Stanwyck, MSW, LCSW, Castro Valley, CA
Alan Stapleford, Merrimack, NH
Frances K. Stapleton, Pahoa, HI
Jeanmarie Steckler Buck, MA, Tamarac, FL
Diana Stein, Amherst, MA
Michael Stein, RN, Staten Island, NY
Brad Stephan, BSN, Kearney, NE
F. Douglas Stephenson, LCSW, LMFT, BCD, Inglis, FL
Moss Stern, Fort Washington, PA
Connie Sterritt, PA-C, Austin, TX
David Stevens, Borden, IN
Kyle Stevens, Raymond, NH
Connie Stomper, Santa Barbara, CA
Helene Stone, PhD, Grants Pass, OR
Margie Storch, Charlotte, NC
Laurance Strait, PhD, Hattiesburg, MS
Jill Straits, PhD, Albuquerque, NM
Joe Strangfeld, PA, Minneapolis, MN
Irma Strantz, DrPH, Altadena, CA
Gregory Stricherz, Minneapolis, MN
Lanny V Stricherz, Sioux Falls, SD
Joseph Stricker, DDS, Chico, CA
Janet Strickler, Lewes, DE
Thomas Strini, Mint Hill, NC
Harry Strunc, Ennis, TX
Marian R. Stuart, Ph.D., Morristown, NJ
Earl Suitor, Berryville, VA
Nancy Sullivan, CNM, Portland, OR
Russell Sullivan, Corvallis, OR
Dave Sum, Chicago, IL
Georgianna Summers, Chico, CA
James Swanson, Chicago, IL
John Swartz Sr., Wilmot, NH
Michele Swenson, Denver, CO
Kathleen Tacelosky, Annville, PA
Michael Tacelosky, Washington, DC
Arthur Taggart, Madison, WI
Sohrob Tahmasebi, San Diego, CA
Julie Takatsch, RN, Port Jervis, NY
Marc Tallent, Ph.D., New York, NY
Anne Taub, RN, BSN, Homeworth, OH
H. Augustus Taylor, Ph.D., Westfield, NJ
Roy Templeton, Louisville, KY
James Terry, Pittsboro, NC
Sally Thomas, Charlotte, NC
James W. Thompson, Billings, MT
Marsha Paulich Thorson, MSPH, Crested Butte, CO
Roosa Tikkanen, MPH, Somerville, MA
Sue Tilden, MBA, MURP, Walterboro, SC
Kay Tillow, Louisville, KY
Lee Tinsley, RN, Chelan, WA
Havens Tipps, Ph.D., Bellevue, WA
Betsy Todd, R.N., MPH, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY
L. Laurie Toner, Brighton, MA
Ivana Toone, Florence, MA
Hannah Torres, Albuquerque, NM
Liz Trojan, Portland, OR
Mike Trout, Boca Raton, FL
Lou Truskoff, Seattle, WA
Gene Tuck, Fresno, CA
Donna Turiano, West Palm Beach, FL
Maria Turnbow, St. Louis, MO
Ture Turnbull, Boston, MA
Michael Turner, OD, Springfield, MO
Dale Tushman, MSW, Brunswick, GA
Carol Tvaroh, New Albany, IN
Sallly Tye, Solon, IA
Linda Ujifusa, Portsmouth, RI
Nick Unger, Washington, DC
Lynn Unruh, Ph.D., RN, Orlando, FL
Janet Urman, MSW, Chapel Hill, NC
Bernardo Useche, PhD, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Robert Vail, Cumberland, ME
Rita Valenti, RN, Clarkston, GA
Jane Leatherman Van Praag, Bartlett, TX
Kathleen Varnam, RN, PTA, Bishop, CA
Richard S. Varner, Pittsburgh, PA
Karen Vellekamp, Camden, ME
Johan Verhulst, Seattle, WA
Barbara Vermeire, Charlotte, NC
Nancy Vermont, PsyD, Westhampton Beach, NY
Cheryl Verrett, Vista, CA
James Vienup, BSN, Albuquerque, NM
Briana Villegas, Santa Fe, NM
Hans T. von Blanckensee, Ph.D., Berkeley, CA
Fritz von Fleckenstein, Washington, DC
Tracie Vranich, New Ulm, MN
David Wacks, Ph.D., Eugene, OR
Leo Wadley, Fort Worth, TX
Eileen Waldow, Fraser, CO
Cameron Walter, Indianapolis, IN
Irene Walton, MSW, MA, Silver Spring, MD
Lei Wang, Hampton, NH
James Ward, Ph.D., Seattle, WA
Janet Warner, MS, PMHNP, Fort Collins, CO
Kevin L. Warner, Holt, MI
Nancy Warshawer, Tucson, AZ
Bob Webb, MEng, League City, TX
Marcelene Webb, RN, L.Ac, Whitehouse, OH
Brooke Weber, Madison, WI
Rochelle Webster, MSN, FNP, Ashland, OR
Michael Weinand, Phoenix, AZ
Thomas Weiner, Mazomanaie, WI
Roger Weingarten, Montpelier, VT
Judy Weinstein, New York, NY
Jon Weissman, Granby, MA
Cindy Welch, MSW, Odenton, MD
Joan Welsh, Ph.D., Fort Collins, CO
Dan Welton, Eugene, OR
Carolyn Wember, Brooklyn, NY
Jens L. Wennberg, RPA, Freeville, NY
Arthur Werner III, Fresno, CA
Christina Wertz, PhD, Worcester, MA
Kenneth E West, Hatfield, PA
Mark West, Anchorage, AK
Nancy Westman, APRN, CNP, CNS, LP, Shorewood, MN
Gwen Wheelock, Bowie, MD
Tom Whipple, Kansas City, MO
William H. Whitaker, Ph.D., ACSW, La Grande, OR
Lauren White, Brooklyn, NY
Ronna White, LMFT, New York, NY
Sharla White, Columbus, OH
Lee Whitman-Raymond, PhD, Pawtucket, RI
ShaLonda Wickerson, MBA, St. Louis, MO
Judy Wickman, BSN, Portland, OR
Mary Lou Wiegand, Pinckney, MI
Leona Wieland, Sioux Falls, SD
Jay Wiener, Campbell, CA
David Wierhake, Bloomington, IN
Wiley Willaims, JD, Oklahoma City, OK
Albert Williams, Ponchatoula, MS
Seth Williams, MA, Irvine, CA
Rebecca Wilson, Portland, OR
Clyde Winter, Grafton, WI
Terry Winter, RN, MPH, Sebastopol, CA
John Witte, PhD, Portland, OR
Jackie Wolf, Ph.D., Amherst, MA
Tim Wong, Madison, WI
Dennis Wonn, Sarasota, FL
Mary Wood, Rumford, ME
Jessica Woodrow-Hogan, Westbury, NY
Lesley Woodward, Rocky River, OH
Bart Woolery, Santa Barbara, CA
Nancy Worcester, Madison, WI
Derek Worley, Naperville, IL
Aly Wren, Redmond, WA
William Yaggy, Bronx, NY
Margaret Yard, Ph.D., New York, NY
Catherine Yarmey-Legg, RN, CEN, Albuquerque, NM
Janet Yelowchan, MA, MTCM, Fort Collins, CO
Kathleen Yen, BSN, M.Ed, Ithaca, NY
Mary Youmans, Corvallis, OR
Peter Young, PhD, Knoxville, TN
P. J. Zalewski, Phoenixville, PA
Karen Zamzow, D.C., Sitka, AK
Caroline Zaworski, ANP-BC, Corvallis, OR
Kevin Zeese, JD, Baltimore, MD
Walter Zeichner, MA, Bend, OR
Donald Zeigler, Ph.D., Evanston, IL
Bob Zeliff, Bridport, VT
Lisa Zelinski, BSN, Easton, PA
Judith Zevin, PsyD, Newport Beach, CA
Madeline Zevon, LCSW, White Plains, NY
Richard Zimdars, Athens, GA
Susan Zimet, Albany, NY
Robert Zingaro, St. Peters, MO
Alec Ziss, MBA, Falmouth, MA
Charles Zoeller, Derry, NH
Betsy Zucker, RN, FNP, Portland, OR

Institutional endorsers

American Medical Students Association
Full Circle Therapy Center (Richmond, CA)
Performance Pediatrics (Plymouth, MA)

Endorsement Options

I am a physician or medical student and I wish to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform.

I am a non-physician health professional or a reform advocate outside the health professions and I wish to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform.

I am authorized to speak on behalf of my institution, and my institution wishes to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform
.

I am unable to endorse the Physicians’ Proposal for Single-Payer Health Care Reform at this time but would like to make a donation to further this effort.

PNHP Leadership Training

PNHP’s 2007 Leadership Training will be held Friday-Saturday, November 2-3, 2007 in Washington D.C. Further details TBA. For those interested in the meeting’s content, reprinted below is the agenda from PNHP’s 2006 Leadership Training.


To view the 2006 Leadership Training Agenda click here To view the leadership training flyer and registration form, click here For directions to the Santa Monica Doubletree and Friday night’s reception, click here (pdf file) PNHP Leadership Training, Spring 2006 Who: The faculty are all longtime activists and members of the Board of Directors of Physicians for a National Health Program or PNHP’s California chapter, the California Physicians’ Alliance (CaPA). All of the participants are members of PNHP who have a sincere desire to become more effective activists in the health care debate. Most are physicians; a select few non-physician allied health professionals and students will also participate. What: A crash course in becoming an expert on single payer and a leader in the movement for comprehensive health care reform. Small group and plenary sessions with nationally known researchers, speakers, and leaders who are shaping the terms of the debate and are effective activists in their communities. Opportunity for extensive personal attention. Prior to the training, participants will receive a National Health Program Reader to start reviewing the material on their own. The training will start with an evening reception on Friday, April 28 (from 6:30 p.m. to 9:00), followed by an intensive day of lectures and workshops on Saturday, April 29 starting at 9:00 a.m. A dinner with plenary speaker will conclude Saturday’s program. There is an optional breakfast meeting on Sunday, April 30. When: Friday, April 28, evening reception 6:30 to 9:00 p.m., Saturday, April 29, doors open at 8:00 a.m. for coffee/bagels Program from 9:00 a.m. to 5 p.m. Dinner from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. (note change in time) Sunday, April 30 breakfast discussion, 9 a.m. to noon Where: Doubletree Guest Suites, 1-800-222-8733 1707 Fourth Street Santa Monica, California $189 single/double (we can help find you a roommate to share expenses if you drop us a note). RSVP/Fees: $150 for physicians including training, all meals and materials $50 for additional dinner guests (spouses invited) 50 percent discount for medical students. Print out the registration form at www.pnhp.org and fax it in or call Matt Petty at 312-782-6006 or via e-mail at matt@pnhp.org. Register ASAP as spaces fill quickly. Questions? Call Nick Skala at 312-782-6006! _______________________________________ Objectives: At the end of this course participants will be able to 1) Use the PNHP slide show in a Grand Rounds or other medical conference with confidence. 2) Answer the “tough questions” on reform: what about rationing, government bureaucracy, and technology? – using the latest medical and health services research. 3) Describe how other countries provide universal coverage and why single-payer is the best option for reform based on decades of international experience and the unique features of the US health system. 4) Write an effective op-ed or other mass media article for publication. 5) Identify strategies to advance the health care debate in your community using available resources. 6) Overcome inertia and find your “niche” in the health care debate – ;the place to use your interests and talents most effectively. 7) Identify experts on various aspects of reform (quality, pharmaceuticals, costs, etc) who are resources to the movement. 8) Describe the powerful groups leading opposition to reform and the relationship between congress, the insurance and drug companies, and the government-industry revolving door. 9) Place the current push for reform – and opposition to it – in historical context since 1904. 10) Respond to the Myths about reform with the Facts 11) Start (or re-vitalize) a chapter of PNHP. 12) Work effectively with grassroots advocates for reform. And much, much more! Spend an enjoyable weekend with other physicians who share your values. Note: All participants are required to submit a CV or bio and photograph (head shot only) for us to keep on file for our speakers’ bureau. Please send these separately to Nick Skala at PNHP, 29 E. Madison, Suite 1412, Chicago, IL 60602. nick@pnhp.org. —————————————————————————————

AGENDA (minor changes may occur in workshops/speakers)

Friday, April 28 Pre- 6:00 p.m. check-in hotel 6:30 to 9:00 p.m. Reception with Dr. Bree Johnston, Chair CAPA and Sen. Sheila Keuhl, lead sponsor SB 840 (invited), location TBA Saturday, April 29 8:00 a.m. Registration, coffee and bagels. 9:00 a.m. Introductions and goals for the training Dr. Quentin Young, PNHP Volunteer National Coordinator 9:30 a.m. The failure of corporate health care and the single payer alternative Dr. Steffie Woolhandler, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, PNHP Co-founder Presentation using PNHP slides – 45 minutes Q and A with participants – 45 minutes 11:00 a.m. break 11:15 a.m. Workshops I choose one (to be repeated) (All workshops start with roundtable introductions to facilitate networking and feature extensive opportunity for questions and discussion with PNHP Board members). Managed Care 2.0: Pay for Performance, Disease Management, and Report Cards Kip Sullivan, JD Debating the far-right and other adventures in health policy Dr. Don McCanne, PNHP Senior Health Policy Fellow, author Quote of the Day What do single payer advocates have to say about skyrocketing drug prices and malpractice premiums? Dr. Gordon Schiff, PNHP former President Myths and Realities about the Canadian Health System Dr. Claudia Fegan, PNHP former President 12: 30 p.m. Buffet lunch Medicare Drug Bill and HR 676 – Dr. Quentin Young short history of the movement for US health reform Dr. Oliver Fein, Chair, NYC Metro chapter 2:00 Workshops (repeated) 3:15 Organizing medical students and physicians at the state level California group – Dr. Richard Quint Non-California group – Dr. Wink Dilloway, Chair, NJ chapter PNHP 4:00 Mock Debates – moderators, Drs. Oliver Fein and Wink Dillaway 6:00 – end (note: was previously scheduled for 7:00 p.m.) Dinner Program Host: Dr. Quentin Young National Health Insurance: How Can we Afford It – Dr. Jim Kahn, Board, CaPA Sunday breakfast (optional) 9 a.m. to noon Finding your niche in activism PNHP Executive Director, Dr. Ida Hellander CAPA leaders, TBA ———————————————————————————– REGISTRATION FORM PNHP Spring Leadership Training Institute Saturday, April 29, 2006 Doubletree Guest Suites, Santa Monica, CA Fax to 312-782-6007 Name(s)___________________________________________________________ Mailing Address where you can receive a package of materials in advance: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ City, State, Zip:__________________________________ E-mail_______________________ Daytime phone_______________________ Program Fee: Physicians: $150, includes all materials and meals Students: $75 Additional dinner guest ($50) Form of Payment: ___ Check ___ VISA ___ MasterCard Account number: _______ _______ ______ ______ Exp date ______/______ Amount enclosed or to
charge $__________ RSVP to the PNHP National Office at 29 E. Madison St. Suite 1412, Chicago, IL 60602 (312) 782-6006 or by fax to (312) 782-6007 or by email: matt@pnhp.org

PNHP Chapters/Contacts

This page has been moved. Please click here for a list of state chapters and contacts.

Contact Us

If you have a question, comment, or would like to get involved with the movement for single-payer national health insurance, the PNHP National Office would like to hear from you. We can be contacted in three ways:

  1. by email: info@pnhp.org
  2. by phone: 312-782-6006
  3. by fax: 312-782-6007

If you wish to support PNHP with a financial contribution, you may either donate online or send a check to our national office (payable to Physicians for a National Health Program). Our tax ID# is 04-2937697.

PNHP National Office
29 E. Madison St., Ste. 1412
Chicago, IL 60602

PNHP also has local chapters and activists in almost every state. To view an interactive map of chapters and contacts, click here.

Interested in receiving periodic email updates from PNHP? Fill out the form below to stay up to date on the latest single-payer news.

PNHP Board of Directors and Staff

PNHP Officers:

President

Philip Verhoef, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACP

Critical care medicine, Honolulu

p.verhoef@pnhp.org

Dr. Phil Verhoef is an adult and pediatric intensivist and Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine at the John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaii-Manoa. As a single-payer advocate, he is the current president (and a national board member) of Physicians for a National Health Program; past president of the Illinois Single Payer Coalition; past president of the PNHP-IL chapter; and was faculty advisor for the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine SNaHP chapter since its inception, prior to moving to Hawaii in 2019. His health care reform and single-payer-related publications include letters, op-eds, and editorials in the Annals of Internal Medicine, Chest, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Springfield Journal-Register, and kevinmd.com.

Dr. Verhoef completed medical and graduate training at Case Western Reserve University, followed by residency in internal medicine and pediatrics at UCLA and subspecialty ICU fellowship training at the University of Chicago. He has led an NIH-funded research lab studying the immunology of sepsis in the ICU and his scientific work has been published in Nature, PNAS, AJRCCM, AJRCMB, JCI-Insight, and the Journal of Immunology. Dr. Verhoef is interested in improving the care of septic patients through a precise understanding of their immune systems in response to infection, using a range of translational and “big data” methodologies.

Vice President

Diljeet K. Singh, MD, DrPH

Gynecologic oncology, Washington, DC

Dr. Diljeet Singh is a women’s health advocate, an integrative gynecologic oncologist, and the vice president of Physicians for a National Health Program. She has been practicing since 1999 and recently joined Virginia Oncology Associates in Norfolk, VA.

Dr. Singh received her medical degree from Northwestern University and master’s degree from the Harvard School of Public Health. She completed an obstetrics and gynecology residency at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and a gynecologic oncology fellowship at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. She also completed a doctoral degree in public health on cost analysis at the University of Texas School of Public Health and an associate fellowship in integrative medicine at the University of Arizona.

Dr. Singh has been a member of PNHP since 2008 and has previously served as a national board advisor and as president of the Illinois chapter.

Treasurer, National Coordinator

Claudia M. Fegan, MD, CHCQM, FACP

Internal medicine, Chicago

Dr. Claudia Fegan is the national coordinator of Physicians for a National Health Program. In her current and past leadership roles in PNHP she has appeared on national television and radio programs on behalf of the organization, and has testified before congressional committees on a wide range of health care issues. She has lectured extensively to both medical and community audiences on health care reform in the U.S. and Canada, and is a co-author of the book “Universal Healthcare: What the United States Can Learn from the Canadian Experience” and a contributor to “10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care.”

Dr. Fegan is Chief Medical Officer of Cook County Health. She is also a past president and board member of the Chicago-based Health and Medicine Policy Research Group. In 2016, Modern Healthcare named Dr. Fegan one of “10 Minority Executives to Watch,” noting her achievements in the medical profession and her single-payer activism. She is the 2017 recipient of the Paul Cornely award from the Physicians Forum.

Dr. Fegan received her undergraduate degree from Fisk University and her medical degree from the University of Illinois College of Medicine. She is a fellow of the American College of Physicians, certified in health care quality and management, and a diplomate of the American Board of Quality Assurance and Utilization Review Physicians.

Secretary

Ed Weisbart, MD, CPE, FAAFP

Family medicine, St. Louis

Dr. Ed Weisbart is the national board secretary and MO chapter chair of Physicians for a National Health Program, a non-profit non-partisan organization of more than 25,000 physicians and other health care advocates in support of a publicly financed, nonprofit, single-payer national health insurance program that would fully cover medical care for all Americans.

After practicing family medicine for 20 years at Rush Medical Center in Chicago, he moved to St. Louis in 2003 to serve as chief medical officer of Express Scripts until retiring in 2010. He volunteered as an assistant professor of clinical medicine at Washington University in St. Louis from 2004 until retiring clinically in 2021.

He also serves as president of the Consumers Council of Missouri, a nonprofit organization that works to build a more inclusive and equitable community through advocacy, coalition building, collaboration, and community education.

Dr. Weisbart received his medical degree at the University of Illinois in Chicago in 1979 and completed his family medicine residency and a fellowship in family medicine education at Michigan State University in 1982.

Dr. Weisbart has an extensive history of success across a variety of health care environments with a strong focus on strategic planning, medical group leadership, quality and operational improvement, physician practice enhancement, innovative program development, clinical integrity, primary care, and political advocacy. He is a national speaker with dozens of articles published in both national medical journals and local media regarding the health care needs of the uninsured.

Susan Rogers

Immediate Past President

Susan Rogers, MD, FACP

Internal medicine, Chicago

Dr. Susan Rogers, immediate past president of Physicians for a National Health Program, is recently retired from Stroger Hospital of Cook County, but continues as a volunteer attending hospitalist and internist there. While at Stroger Hospital, she was co-director of medical student programs for the Department of Medicine and received numerous teaching awards from medical students and residents. She is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Rush University, where she continues to be an active member of the Committee of Admissions.

Dr. Rogers received her medical degree from the University of Illinois College of Medicine and completed her residency at Cook County Hospital, where she served an additional year as Chief Resident. She is a national board member of Physicians for a National Health Program and a past co-president of Health Care for All Illinois. She previously was Medical Director of the Near North Health Service Corp, a FQHC in Chicago, and remained on their board for many years after she left her directorship there. Dr. Rogers is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, and a member of the National Medical Association.

A sample of Dr. Rogers’ grand rounds at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign is available here, and a recording of Dr. Rogers’ keynote address at the 2020 Students for a National Health Program (SNaHP) Summit is available here.


Directors:
Judith L. Albert, MD, FACOG, North Central delegate (PA)
Donald Bourne, MPH, MD/PhD 2027, SNaHP delegate
Scott R. Goldberg, MD, North East delegate (NY)
Kathleen M. Healey, MD, West delegate (CA)
Stephen B. Kemble, MD, West delegate (HI)
Samuel Lee, MD 2023, SNaHP delegate
Jonathan S. Michels, South delegate (NC)
Mark A. Neumann, MD, North Central delegate (WI)
Mary E. O’Brien, MD, North East delegate (NY)
Peter Orris, MD, MPH, FACP, FACOEM, North Central delegate (IL)
Jessica Schorr Saxe, MD, FAAFP, South delegate (NC)
Eve C. Shapiro, MD, MPH, West delegate (AZ)
Edward Si, MD 2024, SNaHP delegate
Diljeet K. Singh, MD, DrPH, At-large delegate (DC)*
Sanjeev K. Sriram, MD, MPH, At-large delegate (MD)
Wayne S. Strouse, MD, FAAFP, North East delegate (NY)
Meghan Swyryn, MD 2023, SNaHP delegate


Past Presidents:
Garrett Adams, MD, MPH, FAAP
Carolyn Clancy, MD, MACP (temporarily resigned)
Andrew D. Coates, MD, FACP
Claudia Fegan, MD, FACP
Oliver Fein, MD
Adam Gaffney, MD, MPH
John Geyman, MD
Robert LeBow, MD (deceased)
Ana Malinow, MD, MS, FAAP
Don McCanne, MD
Carol Paris, MD
Glenn Pearson, MD
Deb Richter, MD
Susan Rogers, MD, FACP
Cecile Rose, MD, MPH
Johnathon Ross, MD, MPH
Jeffrey Scavron, MD
Gordon Schiff, MD
Susan Steigerwalt, MD, FACP
Isaac Taylor, MD (deceased)
Quentin Young, MD, MACP (deceased)
Robert L. Zarr, MD, MPH, FAAP


Board Advisers:
Henry L. Abrons, MD, MPH
Richard Bruno, MD, MPH
Christopher Cai, MD
Stephen K. Chao, MD
Jewel Crawford, MD
Ashley Duhon, MD
Margaret Flowers, MD
Andrew Hyatt, MD
Monica Maalouf, MD, MPH
David McLanahan, MD
Karen Palmer, MPH, MS
Ryan Parnell, MD 2024, SNaHP delegate
Stephan Ramdohr
Roona Ray, MD, MPH
Paul Y. Song, MD
Robert C. Stone, MD
Kay Tillow
Walter Tsou, MD, MPH


National Office Staff:


Ken Snyder – Executive Director


Matthew Petty – Deputy Director


Lori Clark – National Organizer


Dixon Galvez-Searle – Communications Specialist


Gaurav Kalwani – Communications Specialist


Chapter Leaders:

For a list of chapters with contact information, please refer to our state page.

Sample State Resolution

Sample Resolution In Support of Single-Payer Introduced in the Kentucky Legislature:

A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION endorsing the National Health Insurance Act.
WHEREAS, every person in Kentucky and in the United States deserves access to affordable, quality health care; and
WHEREAS, there is a growing crisis in health care in the United States of America, manifested in rising health care costs, increased premiums, out-of-pocket spending, decreased international business competitiveness, and massive layoffs; and
WHEREAS, approximately 582,000 Kentuckians lacked health insurance in 2004; and
WHEREAS, those insured now often experience unacceptable medical debt and sometimes life-threatening delays in obtaining health care; and
WHEREAS, one-half of all personal bankruptcies are due to illnesses or medical bills; and
WHEREAS, the increasing expense of Medicaid and the rising cost of insuring state employees and teachers can best be met not by limiting benefits, but by expanding them under a national, publicly-funded health insurance program; and
WHEREAS, the complex bureaucracy arising from our system of fragmented, for-profit, multi-payer system of health care financing consumes approximately thirty percent (30%) of United States health care spending; and
WHEREAS, researchers from Harvard University found that this bureaucracy consumed more than $4 billion of Kentucky’s health care spending in 2003, which equals $8,216 per uninsured Kentucky resident, and these expenditures are enough to provide comprehensive coverage to everyone in Kentucky; and
WHEREAS, United States Representative John Conyers has introduced H.R. 676, the United States National Health Insurance Act, in the United States House of Representatives for the 109th Congress, and this act would provide a universal, comprehensive, single-payer system of high quality national health insurance;
NOW, THEREFORE,
Be it resolved by the House of Representatives of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the Senate concurring therein:

Section 1. The Kentucky General Assembly respectfully urges the United States Congress to enact the United States National Health Insurance Act sponsored by Representative Conyers.
Section 2. The Clerk of the House of Representatives is directed to transmit a copy of this Resolution to the President of the United States and the members of the Kentucky Congressional Delegation.

International Health Systems

Health care systems in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries primarily reflect three types of programs:

  1. In a single-payer national health insurance system, as demonstrated by Canada, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, health insurance is publicly administered and most physicians are in private practice.
  2. Great Britain and Spain are among the OECD countries with national health services, in which salaried physicians predominate and hospitals are publicly owned and operated.
  3. Highly regulated, universal, multi-payer health insurance systems are illustrated by countries like Germany and France, which have universal health insurance via sickness funds. The sickness funds pay physicians and hospitals uniform rates that are negotiated annually (also known as an “all-payer” system).

The OECD regularly publishes a CD-ROM with 10+ years of comparative data for those interested in pursuing further research. It is available on the OECD website at www.oecd.org.

Snapshots of health systems in 16 countries

This publication covers the organization and financing of the health systems,and the provision of and developments in health care in each country. Edited by Susanne Grosse-Tebbe and Josep Figueras, the state of affairs is presented for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
Please click on the link below to read the article

http://www.euro.who.int/document/e85400.pdf

Australia

Australia’s population size of 19 million people is roughly the same as that of Texas. Its infant mortality rate is 5 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth is 75.9 years for men and 81.5 years for women. In 1941, the beginnings of Australia’s universal health care system emerged. Australia spends 8.5% of its GDP on health care, and its 1998 per capita expense was $2,043-US.

The government administers the compulsory national health insurance program (Medicare). National health insurance is funded by a mixture of general tax revenue, a 1.5% levy on taxable income (which accounts for 18.5% of federal outlays on health), state revenue, and fees paid by patients. The government funds 68% of health expenditures (45% federal and 23% state) and has control over hospital benefits, pharmaceuticals, and medical services. States are charged with operating public hospitals and regulating all hospitals, nursing homes, and community based general services. Additionally, the states pay for the public hospitals with federal government assistance negotiated via five yearly agreements. Mainly not-for-profit mutual insurers (private insurance) cover the gap between Medicare benefits and schedule fees for inpatient services. Private insurance covers 1/3 of the population and accounts for 11% of health expenditures.

Patients are free to choose their GP. Primary care physicians act as gatekeepers, and physicians are generally reimbursed by a fee-for-service system. The government sets the fee schedules, but physicians are free to charge above the scheduled fee or they may directly bill the government when there is no patient charge. Prescription pharmaceuticals have a patient co-payment, and out-of-pocket payments account for 19% of health expenditures. Physicians in public outpatient hospitals are either salaried or paid on a per-session basis.

Austria

Austria is home to 7.6 million people, approximately the same number that live in North Carolina. The country has universal access to health care through a compulsory system of social insurance. A system of private insurance also exists. About 8.2% of Austria’s GDP is spent on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $1,968-US.

Private doctors with contracts to the social insurance funds are paid on a fee-for-service system with expenditure limits based on the case and per doctor per pay period. Hospital physicians are salaried. Approximately 50% of the health expenditures are funded by progressive payroll taxes, 25% are financed by non-specific taxes, and the rest is funded directly out-of-pocket or through private insurance companies. The contributions to the health insurance funds (payroll taxes) are split between employers and employees on a parity basis.

Patients are free to choose their physicians, as long as the physician has a contract with the insurer. Benefits and prices of services are fixed in agreements between representatives of the insured and representatives of the providers. All medical and nursing education is free. The infant mortality rate in Austria is 4.9 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth is at 74.7 years for men and 80.9 years for women.

Belgium

Belgium is home to about 10.2 million people, almost the same number of people who live in the state of Ohio. Its infant mortality rate is 6 per 1,000 live births, and its life expectancy at birth is 74.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women. Today, Belgium spends 8.8% of its GDP on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $2,081-US.

The health care system is funded primarily through sickness funds. Belgium’s health insurance program operates at four distinct levels: the central government, national associations, federations of local societies, and local mutual aid societies. The general attitude in Belgium is that the pluralism of the health insurance system stimulates each local fund to work hard to attract and satisfy its members.

Patients have their free choice of any doctor. Primary care physicians are paid via fee-for-service, directly from the patient, or partially reimbursed, except with low-income patients who are exempt from pay. They are reimbursed with a negotiated fee, but extra billing is allowed. Specialists are paid via fee-for-service and are not restricted to hospitals.

Canada

Canada’s population size of 30.5 million people is roughly the same as that of California. Its infant mortality rate is 5.5 per 1,000 live births, and its life expectancy at birth is 75.8 years for men and 81.4 years for women. National health insurance had been discussed in Canada at the federal level since 1919, but no real action was taken until 1944. Today, Canada’s health system is characterized by single-payer national health insurance, and the federal government requires that insurance cover “all medically necessary services.” Canada spends 9.5% of GDP towards health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $2,312-US.

National health insurance (Medicare) is a public program administered by the provinces and overseen by the federal government. Medicare is funded by general tax revenues. Federal contributions are tied to population and provincial economic conditions, and provinces pay the remainder. Medicare accounts for 72% of health expenditures. In addition, the majority of Canadians have supplemental private insurance coverage through group plans, which extends the range of insured services, such as dental care, rehabilitation, prescription drugs, and private care nursing. The private sector (private insurance and out-of-pocket payments) accounts for 28% of health expenditures.

Most physicians in Canada are in private practice and accept fee-for-service Medicare payment rates set by the government. Provincial medical associations negotiate insured fee-for-service schedules with provincial health ministries. Some physicians set their own rates but are not reimbursed by the public system. Hospitals are mainly non-profit
and operate under global institution-specific or regional budgets with some fee-for-service payment. Less than 5% of all Canadian hospitals are privately owned.

The Cochrane Collaboration is a Canadian non-profit clearinghouse for studies in clinical epidemiology.It is based at McMaster University and compiles systematic reviews of the effects of health care interventions. It also hosts annual conferences for researchers.  The Cochrane Library is at
http://cochrane.mcmaster.ca.

Cuba

Cuba has a population of 11,236,000 which is about the same as Ohio. The life expectancy is 74.7 for males and 79.2 for females in 2001 compared to 74.3 for males and 79.5 for females in the U.S. The infant mortality rate is 7 per 1,000 live births. Cuba’s universal health system began in 1959 with the change of government. Cuba spends 6.3 percent of it GDP on healthcare, and its 1997 per capita expense was $131-USD. Despite Cuba’s low spending, it was ranked 39th for “overall health system performance” by the World Health Organization, compared to the U.S. ranking of 37 (out of 191 countries).

Cuba has a national health service. Services are available without charge to everyone. They are provided by salaried personnel in facilities run by the government. Patients have access to 24-hour, neighborhood doctor and nurse teams (1 doctor-nurse team per 120-170 patients). If necessary, patients are referred to multi-specialty clinics (“polyclinics”) and/or hospitals. A patient may change their GP to a doctor in another neighborhood. Physicians spend their mornings in their practice and their afternoons making house calls to the elderly and the infirm. Every patient is seen at least twice a year, either by coming into the clinic or by a house call from the physician.

The government pays for 89.2 percent of health expenditures. Benefits include full medical and dental services, as well as prescription drugs. Private out-of-pocket expenditures account for the remaining 10.8 percent of health expenditures. Because of the strict embargo, Cuba relies on donations of some medical supplies from Canada, Europe, Latin America, and U.S. NGOs. However, Cuba exports physicians to practice all over Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. Cuba also has established medical schools, staffed by Cuban professors, in Guyana, Benin, Uganda, Ghana, Yemen and Equatorial Guinea.

*Compiled by Jeanine Valrie, February 2004

Sources:
Sturm, Tanja. “Cuba: Cuban Healthcare in the Twenty- First Century: Does It Work?” World Markets Research Centre. 2002.
http://www.worldmarketsanalysis.com/InFocus2002/articles
americas_Cuba_health.html (3 Feb 2004).

Bourne, Peter G. “Asking the Right Questions: Lessons from the Cuban Healthcare System.” Center for the Advancement of Health.(Date unkown)
http://www.cfah.org/pdfs/Peter_Cuban_Healthcare_Presentation_Revised.pdf (2 Feb 2004).

Veeken, Hans. “Cuba: Plenty of care, few condoms, no corruption.” British Medical Journal (International) v311n7010 (Oct 7, 1995): 935-937.
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/311/7010/935

The World Health Report 2000. “Health Systems: Improving Performance.” World Health Organization. 2000.

Finland

Finland has a population size of 5 million people, which is about the same number of people who live in the state of Maryland. Finland has an infant mortality rate of 4.2 per 1,000 live births and its life expectancy at birth is 73.5 years for men and 80.6 years for women. The country spends 6.9% of GDP on health care, and its 1998 per capita expense was $1,502-US. In 1964, national health insurance was enacted in Finland.

The Finnish health system is primarily funded (80%) by general tax revenues collected by the local and national governments. The basic administrative levels in Finland are divided into communes and municipalities. The local authorities in Finland number 445, averaging about 10,000 people each.

GP’s practice mostly in health centers. They are salaried, but many are paid fee-for-service for overtime. Hospital physicians, who must be specialists, are salaried.

Denmark

Denmark, a small country, is home to 5.3 million people – the same number as in the state of Wisconsin. Its infant mortality rate is 4.7 per 1,000 live births, and its life expectancy at birth is 73.7 years for men and 78.6 years for women. Denmark has had a single-payer national health system since 1961. Approximately 8.3% of GDP is spent on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $2,133-US.

The Danish health care system is funded by progressive income taxes, and is publicly administered. Hospitals are run by the 14 counties and the City of Copenhagen. Physicians who work with the hospitals receive salaries, which are determined by negotiation between government and doctor’s unions. GP’s are 40% per capita fee, and 60% fee-for-service. Specialists are mostly fee-for-service. All medical and nursing education is free.

There is strong incentive for patients to choose a GP in their immediate area of residence. GP’s will then make referrals to specialists. There are no co-pays for physician or hospital care, but patients do pay a share of drug costs – usually between 25 and 50%. Private insurance, held by approximately 27% of the population, is used mainly for medications and dental expenses.

France

France has a population close to that of the entire Midwest – 60.9 million people. France has an infant mortality rate of 4.7 per 1,000 live births and a life expectancy at birth of 74.6 years for men and 82.2 years for women. The country has had a national health insurance system since 1928, but universal coverage did not occur until 1978. Approximately 9.6% of France’s GDP is spent on health care, and its 1998 per capita expense was $2,077-US.

The French health care system is primarily funded by Sickness Insurance Funds (SIF’s), which are autonomous, not-for-profit, government-regulated bodies with national headquarters and regional networks. They are financed by compulsory payroll contributions (13% of wage), of employers (70% of contributions) and employees (30% of contributions). SIF’s cover 99% of the population and account for 75% of health expenditures. The 3 main SIF’s

(CNAMTS, MSA, and CANAM) cover about 95% of the population, and the remaining 5% of the insured population are covered under 11 smaller schemes. The remainder of health expenditures is covered by the central government, by patients’ out-of-pocket payments, and by Mutual Insurance Funds (MIF’s), which provide supplemental and voluntary private insurance to cover cost-sharing arrangements and extra billings. MIF’s cover 80% of the population and account for 6% of health expenditures. The major public authority in the French health system is the Ministry of Health. Below this are 21 regional health offices that regulate each of the 95 provinces.

Patients are free to choose their providers and have no limits on the number of services covered. GP’s have no formal gatekeeper function. Private physicians are paid on a fee-for-service basis and patients subsequently receive partial or full reimbursement from their health insu
rance funds. The average charge for an office visit to a GP and a specialist are $18 and $25, respectively. Private hospitals are profit-making and non-profit making, usually with fee-for-service physicians. Public hospitals employ salaried physicians, who make up 1/3 of all GP’s in France. All medical and nursing education is free.

Germany

Germany is home to approximately 82 million people, nearly 1/3 of the U.S. population. Germany’s infant mortality rate is 4.7 per 1,000 live births, and its life expectancy at birth is 74.5 years for men and 80.5 years for women. In 1883, Germany was the first country to establish the foundations of a national health insurance system and has since gradually expanded coverage to over 92% of the population. Today, Germany spends 10.6% of its GDP on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $2,424-US.

Everyone in Germany is eligible for health insurance, and individuals above a determined income level have the right to obtain private coverage. The German health care system is predominantly characterized by Sickness Insurance Funds (SIF’s), which are funded by compulsory payroll contributions (14% of wage), equally shared by employers and employees. SIF’s cover 92% of the population and account for 81% of health expenditures. The rest of the population (the affluent, self-employed, and civil servants) is covered by private insurance, which is based on voluntary, individual contributions. Private insurance accounts for 8% of health expenditures.

GP’s have no formal gatekeeper function. Private physicians, over half of which are specialists, are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Representatives of the sickness funds negotiate with the regional associations of physicians to determine aggregate payments. Physicians who work in hospitals are full-time salaried specialists, whose work is entirely devoted to in-patients. All medical and nursing education is free.

Japan

Japan has a population of 122 million people, nearly half that of the United States. The infant mortality rate in Japan is 3.6 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth is at 77.2 years for men and 84 years for women. Approximately 7.6% of GDP is spent on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $1,822-US. Japan’s current system of universal health care was initiated in 1958.

The Employee’s Health Insurance System is financed by compulsory payroll contributions (8% of wage), equally shared by employers and employees, and covers employees and their dependents. The National Health Insurance System covers the self-employed, pensioners, their dependents, and members of the same occupation. The local governments act as insurers, and premiums are calculated on the basis of income, the number of individuals in the insured household, and assets. Premiums account for 57% of health expenditures. The federal government contributes 24% to medical care expenditures and local governments contribute 7%.

About 80% of hospitals and 94% of private clinics are privately owned and operated. While some public not-for-profit hospitals exist, investor-owned for-profit hospitals are prohibited in Japan. Patients are free to choose their ambulatory care physicians, who are reimbursed on the basis of a negotiated, uniform fee-for-service schedule. Physicians have no formal gatekeeper function. Due to the combination of medical and pharmaceutical practices a large part of a physician’s income is derived from prescriptions. Hospital physicians have fixed salaries.

The Netherlands

The Netherlands has a population of 15.8 million, which is approximately the same number of people who live in the state of Florida. In 1997, 72% of the population had government-assured health insurance coverage. The infant mortality rate is 5.2 per 1,000 live births and life expectancy is at 75.2 years for men and 80.7 years for men. The Netherlands spend 8.6% of its GDP on health care, and the 1998 per capita expense was $2,070-US.

The health care system in the Netherlands is very similar to that in Belgium; health care is primarily financed by employer-employee social insurance. Health care is provided by private not-for-profit institutions, and the compulsory health insurance system is financed through sickness funds. 70% of the population is in the public health care system. 30% of the population (mostly civil servants and high-income groups) has private insurance, because they are not eligible for social health insurance. There are currently plans to convert the entire system to a tax-based one.

Most primary care physicians are in a solo office practice (54%) or practice in small groups. Reimbursement is by capitation for “public patients” (2/3) and via fee-for-service (1/3). Specialists are salaried and are restricted to hospitals.

New Zealand

New Zealand has a population size close to that of Atlanta, Georgia – 3.5 million people. In 1941, it achieved universal coverage and was the first country with a free-market economy to do so. Radical health sector restructuring occurred in 1993, which introduced a set of market-oriented ideas. However, the new system performed poorly and was thus restructured 3 years later. Today, New Zealand spends 8.1% of its GDP on health care and the 1998 per capita expense was $1,424-U.S. The infant mortality rate is 6.8 per 1,000 live births and life expectancy is at 75.2 years for women and 80.4 years for men.

The health system is funded through taxation and administered by a national purchasing agent, the Health Funding Authority (HFA). Health care is provided by 23 hospital provider organizations (Hospital and Health Services), GP’s (most of whom are grouped as Independent Practitioner Associations, IPA’s), and other noncrown providers of child care, disability support services, etc. These parties compete for the provision of health services. Public funding accounts for 76% of health expenditures. Complementary, non-profit, private insurance, on the other hand, covers about 1/3 of the population and accounts for 7% of health expenditures. It is most commonly used to cover cost-sharing requirements, elective surgery in private hospitals, and specialist outpatient consultations. New Zealand’s government is a purchaser and provider of health care and retains the responsibility for legislation and general policy matters.

Health care is free for children, and all patients have their free choice of GP. Out-of-pocket payments account for 17% of health expenditures. GP’s act as gatekeepers and are independent, self-employed providers. They are paid via fee-for-service, partial government subsidy, and negotiated contracts with HFA through IPA’s. The payment system is currently moving from fee-for-service to capitation. Private insurance and out-of-pocket contributions pay the remainder. Hospitals are mostly semiautonomous, government-owned companies that contract with the HFA. Specialists are commonly salaried, but may supplement their salaries through treatment of private patients.

Norway

Norway is home to approximately 4.4 million people, about the same number that live in Washington DC. Norway has had a single-payer national health insurance system since 1966. The National Insurance Act guaranteed citizens universal access to all forms of medical care. Norway’s health system is funded by progressive income tax, and from block grants from central government, with 8.9% of GDP being spent on health care, and in 1998 the per capita expense was $2,425-US.

Patients are free to choose t
heir own physician and hospital, however, registration with local GP’s who act as gatekeeper, will begin in 2001. Patients are responsible for co-pays for some physician visits, approximately $15. Patients are also responsible for co-pays for prescription drugs, up to $216 per year. Once that level of expense has been reached, prescription drugs are covered at 100%. All hospital care is covered at 100%.

Hospital physicians have fixed salaries. GP’s have either fixed salaries or fee-for-service agreements. All medical and nursing education is free. The infant mortality rate in Norway is 4 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth is at 75.5 years for men and 81.3 years for women.

Spain

Spain’s population size is close to that of Texas and New York combined – about 39.1 million people. The country has had a comprehensive, single-payer national health service since 1978. The Constitution of 1978 explicitly affirms everyone’s right to health care. Spain spends 7.1% of its GDP on health care, and its 1998 per capita expense was $1,218-US.

The Spanish health care system is funded by payroll taxes through the National Institute of Health program (INSALUD), which in 1984 was 75% financed by employers and 25% financed by employees. Those with higher incomes have the option of obtaining private medical care. Public hospitals are run by one of the provinces or municipalities. The INSALUD program operates a large network of hospitals and ambulatory care clinics. Hospital physicians are on full-time salaries.

All medical and nursing education is free. The infant mortality rate in Spain is 5 per 1,000 live births, and its life expectancy at birth is 74.8 years for men and 82.2 years for women.

South Africa

South Africa’s population is 43,791,000 (for comparison, that’s about 10 million more people than live in the state of California). Since 1994, South Africa has been trying to reverse the social effects of apartheid. South Africa’s infant mortality rate is 59 per 1,000 live births. Men have a life expectancy at birth 47.7 years, for women it is 50.3 years. South Africa spends 7.1 per cent of its GDP on health and its 1997 per capita expense was $268-USD.

South Africa’s health system consists of a large, under-resourced public sector (serving 80 percent of population) and a small private sector for high income earners (18 percent of the population). Primary health care is free to everyone but highly specialized services are available in the private sector to those who can afford it. The government contributes about 42 percent of all expenditures on health. The remaining 58 percent of health expenditure is paid by private sources in insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments.

Because of problems in South Africa’s healthcare system, there is a shortage of medical professionals. High levels of emigration of medical professionals to other countries drain South Africa’s resources. Newly graduating South African doctors and pharmacists must now complete a year of compulsory community service in understaffed hospitals and clinics. Most South Africans see inexpensive, traditional herbal medicine healers before seeking treatment from a physician. These traditional healers carry out more than 80 percent of the country’s medical consultations.

In spite of the addition of the “right to healthcare” in their post-apartheid 1996 constitution, South Africa’s health care system continues to face problems of heavy reliance on out-of-pocket payments and an uneven distribution of facilities and personnel, all of which lead to inadequate and unequal access to health services

*Compiled by Jeanine Valrie, February 2004

Sources:
Xinhua News Agency. “WHO urges Africa to utilize traditional medicine.” Health System Trust. 3 July 2001. http://news.hst.org.za/view.php3?id=20010705 (15 Feb 2004).

Bassett, Hilary. “Healthcare in South Africa.” MedHunters Magazine. Summer 2002 http://www.medhuntersmagazine.com/PDFstories/summer2002/HealthcareInSouthAfrica.pdf (10 Feb 2004).

Jackson, Katherine T. “Critical: South African nursing officials discuss impact of health care shortage on continent’s AIDS crisis.” Inside UVA Online. March 14-27, 2003. http://www.virginia.edu/insideuva/2003/05/south_africa.html (15 Feb 2004).

“Healthcare in South Africa.” South Africa: Alive with possibility; The Official Gateway.
http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/health/923086.htm (17 Feb 2004)

The World Health Report 2000. “Health Systems: Improving Performance.” World Health Organization. 2000.

Sweden

Sweden has a population close to that of New York City – 8.8 million people. The country has an infant mortality rate of 3.6 per 1,000 live births and a life expectancy at birth of 76.9 years for men and 81.9 years for women. Sweden spends 8.4% of its GDP on health care, the 1998 per capita expense was $1,746. Sweden has had its current universal health care system since 1962. Tuition for medical and nursing education is free, and students generally take loans for living expenses of around $9,000-US per year.

The Swedish health care system is financed by both incomes and patient fees. County councils own and operate hospitals, employ physicians and run the majority of general practices and outpatient facilities. Other physicians work in private practice and are paid by the counties on a fee-for-service basis.

Co-pays, which were mandated in 1970, are capped, with limits on how much a person is required to contribute annually. For example, patients over age 16 pay $9 per day for hospitalization. The maximum individual expense for hospital and physician services is approximately $108 per year. The maximum individual expense for prescription drugs is $156 per year. Once these sums are met, care is covered at 100%.

Taiwan

Taiwan enacted its single-payer national health insurance program in 1995; in all estimates, it has been very successful. Taiwan enacted the program (from multiple insurance companies, like the United States) to the single-payer system with no measurable increase in costs, while insuring more than 8 million Taiwanese citizens who previously lacked insurance. While utilization did increase, its costs were largely offset by the enormous savings under single-payer. Taiwan also did not report any increase in queues or waits for services.

The United Kingdom

Britain has a population size of 57 million, nearly three times the number of people in Texas. The infant mortality rate in the United Kingdom is 5.7 per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth is 74.6 years for men and 79.7 years for women. Britain has had a National Health Service (NHS) since 1948. 6.7% of GDP goes towards health expenditures, and the 1998 per capita expense was $1,461-US.

The British government is a purchaser and provider of health care and retains responsibility for legislation and general policy matters. The government decides on an annual budget for the NHS, which is administered by the NHS executive, regional, and district health authorities. The NHS is funded by general taxation and national insurance contributions and accounts for 88% of health expenditures. Complementary private insurance, which involves both for-profit and not-for-profit insurers, covers 12% of the population and
accounts for 4% of health expenditures.

Physicians are paid directly by the government via salary, capitation, and fee-for-service. GP’s act as gatekeepers. Private providers set their own fee-for-service rates but are not generally reimbursed by the public system. Specialists may supplement their salary by treating private patients. Hospitals are mainly semi-autonomous, self-governing public trusts that contract with groups of purchasers on a long-term basis.

The British government this year has announced a huge funding increase for the NHS. Specifically, it will receive 6.2% more in funding every year until 2004. Current plans to improve the system over the next five years include hiring 7,500 more specialists, 2,000 GP’s and 20,000 nurses; providing 7,000 more acute beds in existing hospitals and building 100 new hospitals by 2010; demanding that GPs see a patient within 48 hours of an appointment; and finally, guaranteeing that patients wait no more than three months for their first outpatient appointment with a specialist and no more than six months after that appointment for an operation.

The Resources and Priorities for the NHS (PDF File). A statement made by the UK’s Secretary of Health.

Bibliography

Multiple Country References

  1. OECD Health Data 2000. Available at www.oecd.org.
  2. National health systems of the world, Volume 1: The countries, Roemer, MI, 1991, New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. Multinational comparisons of health care: Expenditures, coverage, and outcomes, Anderson, G (with Axel Wiest), Oct. 1998, The Commonwealth Fund.
  4. Primary care: Balancing health needs, services, and technology, Starfield, B, 1998, New York: Oxford University Press.

Single Country References

  1. Austria:
    “Questionnaire on the Austrian health system”, Widder, Joachim, MD, PhD, Vienna University General Hospital Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, 2000.
    “Questionnaire on the Austrian health system”, Theurl, E, Austria University, Institut fur Finanzwissenschaft der Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruch, 2000.
  2. Belgium and the Netherlands:
    “Belgium and the Netherlands revisited”, Van Doorslaer, E & Schut, FT, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Oct. 2000.
  3. Denmark:
    Health care in Denmark, published by The Ministry of Health, 1997.
  4. France:
    “Health care under French national health insurance”, Rodwin, VG & Sandier, S, Health Affairs, Fall 1993.
  5. Germany:
    “The German health system: Lessons for reform in the United States”, Jackson, JL, Arc
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