Charts comparing the three plans from The New York Times and The Chicago Tribune are below.
By Ida Hellander, MD
Updated on February 24, 2010
Overall –
- The House bill is completely inadequate in expanding coverage and controlling costs. It is essentially an insurance industry bailout. Most provisions to expand coverage don’t even go into effect until 2013 (2014 in the Senate), after which it still leaves at least 17 million Americans uninsured. The Senate bill would have even less impact, leaving at least 24 million Americans uninsured. Similarly, Obama’s proposal would delay coverage expansions until 2014, and even then would leave at least 24 million Americans with no coverage and tens of millions more underinsured.
- It forgoes over $400 billion annually in potential savings on overhead and bureaucracy in the health system – enough to cover all 47 million uninsured – by retaining profit-driven private health insurers instead of replacing them with a streamlined, more efficient, Medicare for All system.
- It makes private health insurance mandatory for middle-income working people, forcing them to buy a defective product. It will become a federal crime to be uninsured, with a penalty of 2.5 percent of income, starting in 2013. The fines in the Senate bill are lower, starting at $95 a year in 2014 and rising to $750 by 2019. Obama proposes that fines for failure to buy private coverage rise from $95 or 1 percent of income (whichever is greater) in 2014 to $695 to 2.5 percent of income in 2016. Thereafter, they would rise with inflation. Families with incomes under $18,700 are exempt from the requirement to purchase coverage, as are those who would face premiums higher than 8 percent of income.
- Families of very modest means, at 200-400 percent of poverty, will be required to spend an unaffordable 8-12 percent of their incomes (8-9.5 percent under Obama’s proposal) on insurance premiums if they don’t have employer-sponsored coverage. Additionally, the basic benefits are very skimpy and the cost-sharing requirements are high, meaning that families of very modest means could spend 20 percent or more of their incomes on premiums and cost-sharing before receiving any benefits. In the Senate, the lowest-cost plan would only cover 60 percent of health care costs.
- A Medicaid expansion (to families with incomes under 133 percent of poverty) will cover more low-income Americans, but coverage gains – both in Medicaid and for people receiving tax assistance to buy coverage – will be short-lived because the cost is unsustainable as we’ve seen in several states that have attempted reform in recent years.
- The insurance industry hijacked the process: Private insurers get millions of mandatory new customers and $605 billion in taxpayer subsidies. This will have the effect of making the health insurance lobby even more powerful, and more able to hijack political processes in the future. The Senate bill provides $447 billion in taxpayer subsidies to insurers. Obama’s plan provides somewhat more than the Senate bill for subsidies.
- To pay for subsidies to insurers, the bill cuts payments to safety net hospitals that serve a large number of low-income patients. The Senate bill cuts payments to safety-net hospitals by $43 billion.
- We will have a nation of underinsured families and businesses who will be paying money they can hardly afford for health plans that will never meet their needs. Globally, the U.S. economy will continue to be at a competitive disadvantage.
- People in other developed nations all use some form of non-profit national health insurance to get better care for less money. Their average per capita cost of healthcare is about half what it is in the United States, yet people in Canada and western Europe live about two years longer and have lower infant mortality. As with our traditional Medicare program, they have completely free choice of doctor and hospital. We need to start from scratch with a Medicare-for-all, single-payer approach.
On private insurers
- Private health insurance is an overpriced, defective product, and this bill won’t change that. The majority of Americans who face medical bankruptcy start their illness with private health insurance, but are bankrupted anyway by gaps in coverage, like co-payments, deductibles and uncovered services.
- Individuals and families with incomes up to 400 percent of poverty ($73,240 for a family of 3) are eligible for skimpy subsidies to buy coverage through a new “insurance exchange.” Families of very modest means (200-400 percent of poverty) are still responsible for paying an unaffordable 8-12 percent of their income (8-9.5 percent under Obama’s proposal) towards health insurance premiums.
- Obama’s proposal would create a new “Health Insurance Rate Authority” under HHS with the power to block an insurance company’s premium increases in states where they are not already regulated. Insurance commissioners in 27 states already have the power to regulate premium hikes, but have been ineffective in controlling health care costs.
- The bill bans denials of coverage based on pre-existing conditions (starting in 2013)(2014 in Obama’s proposal) and recissions (retro-active cancellation of coverage) immediately. But insurers are still allowed to deny claims, and two industry whistleblowers (Dr. Linda Peeno and Wendell Potter) have testified before Congress that the industry is now so sophisticated in its ability to deny claims, control care, and cherry-pick that these protections are essentially worthless.
- Similarly, caps on out-of-pocket expenses (at $5,000 for individuals and $10,000 for families) don’t prevent medical bankruptcy because they don’t include expenses for uncovered services. Obama’s proposal doesn’t cap out-of-pocket expenses, but it does raise the share of benefits covered by insurance for the lowest-income families (under $33,000) from 70 percent to 94 percent. However, families could still face bankruptcy from uncovered services, out-of-network care, etc.
- Insurers are supposed to spend 85 percent of premiums on care, but experience from Minnesota shows that insurers are able to circumvent this rule easily by categorizing administrative expenses as “clinical” or “quality improvement.”
- Obama’s plan assesses a $67 billion fee on insurers over 10 years, starting in 2014.
On Medicaid and community health center expansion
- The bill expands Medicaid after 2013 to additional low-income Americans (up to 150 percent of poverty), which is good, but you don’t need this bill to expand Medicaid. Also, rising costs, and a lack of funds for Me
dicaid at the state level, will quickly erode any gains in coverage. The Senate bill only expands Medicaid to up to 133 percent of poverty. The CBO estimates that states will need to contribute $34 billion (House bill) 2010-2019 to fund the expansion. Obama’s proposal expands Medicaid up to 133 percent of poverty starting in 2014 and pays at least 90 percent of costs for newly eligible individuals through 2020. - The bill increases funding (by $11 billion) for community health centers, which again, is good, but this could be done independently.
- The House bill eliminates the Children’s Health Insurance Program in 2014, routing the beneficiaries into Medicaid (under 150 percent of poverty) or into the purchase of private coverage), adding hassle and possibly disrupting care arrangements for these children. Obama’s proposal would maintain CHIP until 2019, but only authorizes funding through 2016.
- As a welfare program, representing a population without an audible political voice, Medicaid is chronically underfunded.
- Inadequate reimbursement rates due to inadequate funds results in a lack of willing providers. Too many physicians are not willing to accept the losses under this program. This lack of providers impairs access to care.
- Many states are struggling with budgets burdened by massive Medicaid spending. Although this expansion would use federal funds initially, some of the financing burden would be shifted to the states even though they do not have the budget flexibility of the federal government.
- On paper, Medicaid looks like a great program. It provides a generous benefit package for lower-income individuals who cannot afford to purchase private health plans. In reality, most Medicaid patients do not have the same access to essential specialized services that wealthier privately insured individuals do, and access to even basic services is often compromised.
- Expanding the Medicaid program further locks in a tiered health care system, effectively providing less for the least amongst us. In health care, that’s simply not acceptable.
On the public option
- The public plan option is a sham. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the premiums will actually be higher than premiums in the private sector, and fewer than 2 percent of Americans (6 million people) will enroll.
- Payment rates would not be tied to Medicare. Instead, the government has to negotiate payment rates with providers.
- So the public plan option will be an expensive, tax-funded subsidy to private health insurance, because the public plan option will take the sickest patients off their hands. It won’t expand coverage or decrease costs. Obama’s proposal has no public option.
On the employer-mandate
- Starting in 2013, employers with payrolls over $500,000 are required to provide coverage and pay a share of the premiums (72.5 % for individual, 65% for family coverage) or pay an 8 percent payroll tax. The Senate bill places the burden on individuals, not employers, to obtain coverage. Employers would only pay a $750 penalty per worker for employees who sought subsidized coverage. Under Obama’s proposal, employers with more than 50 workers would pay a penalty if any of their workers obtained subsidized coverage. The penalty would be larger than in the Senate bill, $2,000 for each worker in the company minus the first 30 workers. Since employer-sponsored coverage is costly ($4,824 for individual and $13,375 for family coverage in 2009), it would still be cheaper for employers to pay the fine than provide coverage.
- Employers with fewer than 25 workers and average wages under $50,000 would be eligible for tax credits to help them provide coverage to their workers. Obama’s proposal provides $40 billion for tax credits for business.
- Employers are not required to meet benefit standards until 2018, but even then are only required to help fund the “lowest cost plan” that meets the “essential benefits package,” and so may offer very skimpy coverage. The “basic plan” on the insurance exchange, for example, is only required to cover 70 percent of benefit costs (60 percent of benefit costs in the Senate). As there are no cost controls, coverage will deteriorate further, leading to a rise in underinsurance nationwide.
- Millions of working Americans will continue to lack coverage. In Hawaii, which has had an employer mandate since the 1970’s, many employers circumvent the requirement by hiring part-time employees or using consultants. Also, small businesses are not required to provide coverage (but receive a paltry tax credit for two years if they do).
On the insurance exchange and tax subsidies
- The bill creates a national insurance exchange (in Obama’s proposal, the “exchange” is state-based), a marketplace where individuals and small business would go (after 2013, 2014 in the Senate bill and Obama’s plan) to buy insurance. If you have subsidized coverage, you would have to buy your insurance through the exchange. Like the “Connector” in Massachusetts, the exchange will add another layer of bureaucracy to the health system, and an additional 4 percent overhead to every health plan. Under Obama’s proposal, there is no national exchange. Instead, each state would operate its own insurance exchange, increasing bureaucracy and reducing the potential for spreading risk and moderating costs even farther.
- Subsidies for low-income people to purchase coverage will be hopelessly complex, requiring verification of income, citizenship, employer size, etc.
- Millions will have their subsidies change as they change or lose jobs. Imagine finding a job, losing your insurance subsidy, then being laid off your job and applying for a subsidy all within a year. How would this work?
On evidence that this bill won’t reduce the number of uninsured or control costs
- The coverage gains from the bill won’t last. What’s happened in the past when bills like this have passed in the states is that they run out of money very quickly, healthcare is simply unaffordable, and then you start to see the coverage expansions cut back. The subsidies shrink, the Medicaid shrinks, and then you’re back at square one, where you’ve spent a lot of money and not made any progress. And we’ve seen this over and over in the United States—in Massachusetts in 1988, in Oregon in 1992, in Washington 1993—passed bills virtually identical to what’s being passed in the House right now, and there was no durable improvement in the number of uninsured in those states. Healthcare was not affordable ten years after those bills were passed.
- The Massachusetts plan is the model for this bill. Massachusetts expanded Medicaid (which again, is good, but you
don’t need this bill to expand Medicaid) and passed an individual mandate that makes it illegal to refuse to purchase private health insurance. The fine is up to $1,068. The plan has been very expensive. The state has opted to pay for that by taking money from safety net clinics and hospitals, so that safety net providers that care for immigrants, the mentally ill, people with substance abuse, that provide primary care, they’ve seen their funds shrunken, so that money could be handed over to purchase insurance policies. - Insurance commissioners in 27 states already have the power to regulate premium hikes, but have been ineffective in controlling health care costs.
On the anti-abortion provisions
- The bill applies restrictions to policies sold through the insurance exchange to undermine women’s rights. It creates an insurance exchange, a marketplace where you would go to buy your insurance. If you have subsidized coverage, you would have to buy your insurance through the exchange. And any insurance plan purchased through the exchange would have to exclude coverage of abortion. So, for the first time, Congress has stepped in and said that even with your own money, with private money, it’s illegal for insurance to cover abortion. It’s a tremendous step backwards for women’s rights.
- Under Obama’s plan, the existing ban on using federal money for abortions would apply. Thus, as in the Senate bill, people buying subsidized coverage through the exchanges would likely have to make two separate monthly premium payments: one for all coverage except abortion and one for abortion coverage.
On prescription drug costs
- It fails to lower drug costs for the majority of Americans and those unable to afford expense medications. Drugmakers have raised wholesale prices on brand name drugs by 9 percent this year alone in anticipation of reform.
- Biotech firms receive a windfall 12 year patent on new drugs.
- A very small share of the population, Medicare recipients who are in the doughnut hole, will receive a discount on brand-name medications.
- The doughnut hole is reduced in size until it is eliminated in 2019 in the House, but not the Senate, version. Obama’s plan would eliminate the doughnut hole in 2020 and would give a $250 rebate to beneficiaries who reach the doughnut hole in 2010.
- Obama’s plan would prohibit “pay for delay” practices that drug companies use to keep generics off the market.
- Obama’s plan would assess $33 billion fee on the pharmaceutical industry over 10 years, starting in 2011. The medical device industry would be subject to an excise tax starting in 2013 and yielding $20 billion.
- Overall, the pharmaceutical industry is thrilled with the bill, and Wall Street has rewarded them by driving up the value of their stocks.
On undocumented immigrants
- Requires verification of citizenship to apply for subsidies for the purchase of insurance. Thus, the bill mandates that immigrants buy insurance, but leaves it unaffordable for them.
- The Senate bill is even more onerous, prohibiting undocumented immigrants from using their own money to purchase health insurance through the insurance exchange. Obama’s proposal also prohibits undocumented immigrants from buying coverage through the exchanges, even if they pay the full cost without federal subsidies.
Medicare Advantage Plans
- The bill phases out overpayments to Medicare Advantage plans. The Senate calls for a bidding process that will save $118 billion. The House bill also requires them to spend at least 85 percent of premiums on care, but as shown in states like Minnesota, insurers can easily circumvent this rule. Obama’s plan calls for a bidding model for Medicare Advantage plans similar to that in the Senate, but phases in the changes over time, saving less.
Community Living Assistance Services and Supports
- The bill calls for the establishment of a “voluntary federal program for long-term care insurance” that would pay a cash benefit to help fund home-based services.
- The CBO estimates that the revenues in the Senate version of this new program would exceed premiums by $72 billion in its first years of operation, and these revenues could be used to fund the bill. In other words, $72 billion of the funding for taxpayer subsidies of private insurers would come from raiding a new federal long-term care insurance plan.
- This is just one example of how completely inadequate the bill is at addressing the real crisis in access to health care, including access to long-term care services.
Summary of commendable features – some may not make it into final bill
- Medicaid expansion (delayed until 2013, 2014 in Obama plan) to 150 percent of poverty (House) and 133 percent of poverty (Senate and Obama). Obama’s plan would also increase funding for community health centers by $11 billion over ten years and increase funding for other community programs like home visiting programs.
- Increased funding for primary care health professional education
- Phasing out of doughnut hole in Medicare prescription drug plan by 2019 and Medicare Advantage plan overpayments. Restores government discounts on purchase of drugs for low-income seniors. Allows government to negotiate drug prices with pharmaceutical companies.
- Eliminating pre-existing conditions (2013, 2014 in Obama plan) and recissions (2010)
- Ban on annual and lifetime limits; cap out-of-pocket costs at $5,000 for an individual and $10,000 for a family. Obama’s plan would reduce cost-sharing in plans purchased on the exchange by families with incomes under $55,000; plans for this income group would cover between 94 and 73 percent of health care costs, up from 70 percent for families earning $55,000 to $88,000 and 60 percent for higher-income families.
- Extending health benefit tax benefits available to married couples to domestic partners
- Extending parental coverage to children aged 26-27. Obama’s plan would cover adult dependents up to age 26.
- Progressive tax on the wealthy for funding instead of taxing health plans that are comprehensive (so-called “Cadillac” plans). In contrast, the Senate places a 40 percent tax on health plans with premiums over $8,500 for an individual and $23,000 for family, attacking comprehensive coverage of older, sicker workers. Obama’s proposal uses similarly reg
ressive financing, with some minor modifications (e.g. the excise tax is delayed until 2018, and applies to policies over $10,200 for individual and $27,500 for family coverage). - The Senate also raises the Medicare payroll tax to 1.95 percent on wages over $200,000 for individuals, jeopardizing solidarity for the Medicare program. Similarly, the Obama proposal raises the Medicare payroll tax to 2.35 percent and imposes an additional 2.9 percent tax on unearned income for individuals earning over $200,000 and couples earning over $250,000.
- Immediate creation of a temporary high-risk insurance pool for people who’ve been denied coverage because of a pre-existing condition, with $5 billion in funding. Eliminated in 2013, when the regulations on insurers go into effect.
From the New York Times
From The Chicago Tribune (click to enlarge)